Mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase inhibition, selenium status, and Nrf-2 activation are determinant factors modulating the toxicity of mercury compounds

The thioredoxin system has essential functions in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are targets for mercury compounds in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed at understanding mechanistically how...

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Published in:	Free radical biology & medicine 2014-08, Vol.73, p.95-105
Main Authors:	Branco, Vasco, Godinho-Santos, Ana, Gonçalves, João, Lu, Jun, Holmgren, Arne, Carvalho, Cristina
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Cell Line, Tumor Cell Survival - drug effects Enzyme Activation Free radicals Hep G2 Cells Humans Medicin och hälsovetenskap Mercury Mercury Compounds - toxicity Methylmercury Mitochondria Mitochondria - enzymology Mitochondria - metabolism mRNA NF-E2-Related Factor 2 - metabolism Nrf-2 Oxidation-Reduction RNA, Messenger - biosynthesis Selenium Selenium - metabolism Thioredoxin Thioredoxin reductase Thioredoxin Reductase 1 - antagonists & inhibitors Thioredoxin Reductase 1 - biosynthesis Thioredoxin Reductase 1 - genetics Thioredoxin Reductase 2 - antagonists & inhibitors Thioredoxin Reductase 2 - biosynthesis Thioredoxin Reductase 2 - genetics Thioredoxins - biosynthesis
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Summary:	The thioredoxin system has essential functions in the maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis in the cytosol, nucleus, and mitochondria. Thioredoxin (Trx) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) are targets for mercury compounds in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed at understanding mechanistically how the mitochondrial and cytosolic thioredoxin systems were affected by mercurials, including the regulation of TrxR transcription. The effects of coexposure to selenite and mercurials on the thioredoxin system were also addressed. Results in HepG2 cells showed that TrxR1 expression was enhanced by Hg2+, whereas exposure to MeHg decreased expression. Selenite exposure also increased the expression of TrxR1 and resulted in higher specific activity. Coexposure to 2µM selenite and up to 5µM Hg2+ increased even further TrxR1 expression. This synergistic effect was not verified for MeHg, because TrxR1 expression and activity were reduced. Analysis of Nrf-2 translocation to the nucleus and TrxR mRNA suggests that induction of TrxR1 transcription was slower upon exposure to MeHg in comparison to Hg2+. Subcellular fractions showed that MeHg affected the activity of the thioredoxin system equally in the mitochondria and cytosol, whereas Hg2+ inhibited primarily the activity of TrxR2. The expression of TrxR2 was not upregulated by any treatment. These results show important differences between the mechanisms of toxicity of Hg2+ and MeHg and stress the narrow range of selenite concentrations capable of antagonizing mercury toxicity. The results also highlight the relevance of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system (TrxR2 and Trx2) in the development of mercury toxicity. [Display omitted] •Selenite protects the thioredoxin system from Hg2+ toxicity but not from MeHg.•Hg2+ upregulates TrxR1 levels, whereas MeHg downregulates its expression.•Transcription of TrxR1 through the Nrf-2 pathway is slower upon exposure to MeHg.•The mitochondrial thioredoxin system is a preferential target of mercury compounds.
ISSN:	0891-5849 1873-4596 1873-4596