Diagnosis and control of cryptosporidiosis in farm animals

Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoan parasite infecting the gastrointestinal epithelium of human and animal hosts. In farm animals, cryptosporidiosis causes significant economic losses including deaths in newborn animals, retarded growth, increased labor involved and high cost of drugs. The det...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of parasitic diseases 2022-12, Vol.46 (4), p.1133-1146
Main Authors: Aboelsoued, Dina, Abdel Megeed, Kadria Nasr
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animal models
Animals
Cell differentiation
Colostrum
CRISPR
Cryptosporidiosis
Cryptosporidium
Diagnosis
Diarrhea
Electron microscopy
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Epidemiology
Epithelium
Feces
Flow cytometry
Genomes
Genotypes
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention
Hygiene
Immunofluorescence
Infectious Diseases
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Metabolomics
Microscopy
Natural products
Oocysts
Parasites
Probiotics
Review
Review Article
Therapeutic targets
Vaccines
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Summary:Cryptosporidium is a pathogenic protozoan parasite infecting the gastrointestinal epithelium of human and animal hosts. In farm animals, cryptosporidiosis causes significant economic losses including deaths in newborn animals, retarded growth, increased labor involved and high cost of drugs. The detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in fecal samples is traditionally dependent on examination of stained slides by light microscope or by advanced microscopical tools such as: electron microscopy and phase contrast microscopy. Immunological diagnosis using either antibody or antigen detection could offer high sensitivity and specificity. Examples for these tests are Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Immunochromatographic tests, Immunochromatographic lateral flow (ICLF), Immunofluorescence assays (IFA) and Flow cytometry coupled with cell sorting. Molecular methods could differentiate species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and help in studying the epidemiological features of this parasite with rapid, simple and sensitive procedures. Nanotechnology-based platforms could improve the sensitivity and specificity of other detection methods like: ELISA, ICLF, IFA and polymerase chain reaction. As the available prophylactic and therapeutic drugs or natural products treatments are insufficient and no approved vaccines are available, the best approach to control this parasite is by following firm hygienic measures. Many vaccine attempts were performed using hyperimmune colostrum, live or attenuated vaccines, recombinant and Deoxyribonucleic acid vaccines. Also, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats/Cas9 technology could help in Cryptosporidium genome editing to improve drug and vaccine discovery. Another approach that could be useful for assigning drug targets is metabolomics. Probiotics were also used successfully in the treatment of acute diarrhea and they proved a limiting effect on cryptosporidiosis in animal models. In addition, nanotherapy-based approaches could provide a good strategy for improving the potency of any type of drugs against Cryptosporidium and give good anti-cryptosporidial effects. In conclusion, accurate diagnosis using advanced techniques is the key to the control and prevention of cryptosporidiosis.
ISSN:0971-7196
0975-0703
DOI:10.1007/s12639-022-01513-2