Preparation and characterization of N-doped ZnO and N-doped TiO2 beads for photocatalytic degradation of phenol and ammonia

N-doped ZnO beads (NZB) and N-doped TiO 2 beads (NTB) were synthesized via a modified sol–gel technique utilizing chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel beads as basic support for photocatalyst. Urea was used as a source of nitrogen in the preparation of N-doped ZnO beads, while ammonium ace...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2022-08, Vol.29 (37), p.56845-56862
Main Authors: Mandor, Hagar, Amin, Nevine K., Abdelwahab, Ola, El-Ashtoukhy, El-Sayed Z.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acetic acid
Ammonia
Ammonium
Ammonium acetate
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Beads
Binary mixtures
Chitosan
Defects
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Electrical properties
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental degradation
Environmental Health
Environmental science
Fourier analysis
Fourier transforms
Hydrogels
Irradiation
Light irradiation
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phenols
Photocatalysis
Photocatalysts
Photodegradation
Photoelectron spectroscopy
Photoelectrons
Pollutants
Polyvinyl alcohol
Research Article
Scanning electron microscopy
Sol-gel processes
Spectroscopy
Spectrum analysis
Synthesis
Titanium dioxide
Ultraviolet radiation
Urea
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
X ray photoelectron spectroscopy
X-ray diffraction
Zinc oxide
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Summary:N-doped ZnO beads (NZB) and N-doped TiO 2 beads (NTB) were synthesized via a modified sol–gel technique utilizing chitosan (CS)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel beads as basic support for photocatalyst. Urea was used as a source of nitrogen in the preparation of N-doped ZnO beads, while ammonium acetate, CH 3 COONH 4 , was used as a nitrogen source in the production of N-doped TiO 2 beads. The characteristics of synthesized beads were identified by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), N 2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, BET surface area, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) measurements, and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) studies. The use of the nitrogen doping method for photocatalyst was performed to adjust the bandgap and electrical properties of ZnO and TiO 2 by establishing acceptor defects. NZB and NTB with the intrinsic donor defect of oxygen vacancy and the nitrogen-to-oxygen acceptor defect could be activated by a less-energy UV consumption for efficient pollutant degradation. The results indicated that the as-synthesized NZB achieved much higher degradation activity than NTB, commercial ZnO, and TiO 2 in the decomposition of a binary mixture composed of ammonia and phenol under UV light irradiation.
ISSN:0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-022-19421-6