Real-time dynamic simulation for highly accurate spatiotemporal brain deformation from impact

Real-time dynamic simulation remains a significant challenge for spatiotemporal data of high dimension and resolution. In this study, we establish a transformer neural network (TNN) originally developed for natural language processing and a separate convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate fiv...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering 2022-05, Vol.394, p.114913, Article 114913
Main Authors: Wu, Shaoju, Zhao, Wei, Ji, Songbai
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Accuracy
Artificial neural networks
Biomechanics
Biomedical engineering
Brain
Concussion
Convolutional neural network
Displacement
Dynamic simulation
Estimation
Natural language processing
Neural networks
Real time
Root-mean-square errors
Simulation
Spatial resolution
Spatiotemporal data
Strain rate
Temporal resolution
Traffic accidents
Training
Transformer neural network
Traumatic brain injury
Worcester Head Injury Model
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Summary:Real-time dynamic simulation remains a significant challenge for spatiotemporal data of high dimension and resolution. In this study, we establish a transformer neural network (TNN) originally developed for natural language processing and a separate convolutional neural network (CNN) to estimate five-dimensional (5D) spatiotemporal brain–skull relative displacement resulting from impact (isotropic spatial resolution of 4 mm with temporal resolution of 1 ms). Sequential training is applied to train (N = 5184 samples) the two neural networks for estimating the complete 5D displacement across a temporal duration of 60 ms. We find that TNN slightly but consistently outperforms CNN in accuracy for both displacement and the resulting voxel-wise four-dimensional (4D) maximum principal strain (e.g., root mean squared error (RMSE) of ∼1.0% vs. ∼1.6%, with coefficient of determination, R2 >0.99 vs. >0.98, respectively, and normalized RMSE (NRMSE) at peak displacement of 2%–3%, based on an independent testing dataset; N = 314). Their accuracies are similar for a range of real-world impacts drawn from various published sources (dummy, helmet, football, soccer, and car crash; average RMSE/NRMSE of ∼0.3 mm/∼4%–5% and average R2 of ∼0.98 at peak displacement). Accuracy in strain rate is also illustrated in one case (NRMSE of 7.8% and of 0.91). Sequential training is effective for allowing instantaneous estimation of 5D displacement with high accuracy, although TNN poses a heavier computational burden in training. This work enables efficient characterization of the intrinsically dynamic brain strain in impact critical for downstream multiscale axonal injury model simulation. This is also the first application of TNN in biomechanics and biomedical engineering, which offers important insight into how real-time dynamic simulations can be achieved across diverse engineering fields. •First application of transformer neural network in biomechanical modeling.•Real-time and highly accurate dynamic simulation for high dimensional data.•Adopted sequential training strategy to facilitate the handling of large data size.•Voxelized displacement greatly facilitates training and multimodal analysis.
ISSN:0045-7825
1879-2138
DOI:10.1016/j.cma.2022.114913