Evaluating the social outcomes of COVID-19 pandemic: empirical evidence from Pakistan

The study aims to assess and analyze the social outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses the discourse of comprehensive literature review to identify the outcomes, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) for developing a structural model and Matrices’ Impacts Cruise’s Multiplication Appliqué...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2023-05, Vol.30 (22), p.61466-61478
Main Authors: Abbass, Kashif, Basit, Abdul, Niazi, Abdul Aziz Khan, Mufti, Ramish, Zahid, Nauman, Qazi, Tehmina Fiaz
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aquatic Pollution
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Coronaviruses
COVID-19
COVID-19 - epidemiology
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Empirical analysis
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental science
Green Finance and Low-Carbon Economic Recovery in the Post COVID-19 World
Humans
Instability
Literature reviews
Mental Health
Pakistan - epidemiology
Pandemics
Self-injury
Society
Stability
Structural models
Waste Water Technology
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
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Summary:The study aims to assess and analyze the social outcomes of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses the discourse of comprehensive literature review to identify the outcomes, Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) for developing a structural model and Matrices’ Impacts Cruise’s Multiplication Appliquée a UN Classement (MICMAC) for analysis, classification of societal outcomes, and corroboration of results of ISM. Data from fifteen experts was collected through a survey questionnaire. As a result of the literature review, a list of sixteen outcomes was generated and verified by a panel of experts. Results of ISM revealed that the outcomes, namely, “emotional instability,” “mental health self-harm,” loneliness reduced recreational activities, obesity, and “increased screen time” come at the top of the model; therefore, they are less vital outcomes, whereas the most significant outcome which is at the bottom of the model is “employment instability”; hence it has a major impact on the society. The remaining outcomes fall in the middle of the model, so they have a moderate-severe impact. Results of MICMAC validate the findings of ISM. Overall findings of the study reveal that “employment instability” is the crucial social outcome of the COVID-19 pandemic. It is an original attempt based on real-time data, which is helpful for society at large, researchers, the international community, and policymakers because this study provides a lot of new information about the phenomenon. The study includes understanding society at large, policymakers, and researchers by illustrating the complex relations and simplifying the connections among a wide range of social outcomes of COVID-19.
ISSN:1614-7499
0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-022-19628-7