Neural mapping of prepulse‐induced startle reflex modulation as indices of sensory information processing in healthy and clinical populations: A systematic review

Startle reflex is modulated when a weaker sensory stimulus (“prepulse”) precedes a startling stimulus (“pulse”). Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) is the attenuation of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 30–500 ms), whereas Prepulse Facilitation (PPF) is the enhancement of the startle reflex (pr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Human brain mapping 2021-11, Vol.42 (16), p.5495-5518
Main Authors: Naysmith, Laura F., Kumari, Veena, Williams, Steven C. R.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Acoustics
Alzheimer's disease
Animals
Attenuation
Brain mapping
Cerebellum
Circuits
Cortex (cingulate)
Data processing
Electromyography
Frontal lobe
functional magnetic resonance imaging
Functional Neuroimaging
Gender aspects
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome
Humans
Information processing
Medical imaging
Mental disorders
Neostriatum
Neuroimaging
Noise
Paradigms
Perception - physiology
prepulse facilitation
prepulse inhibition
Prepulse Inhibition - physiology
Reflex, Startle - physiology
Review
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia - diagnostic imaging
Schizophrenia - physiopathology
Sensation - physiology
sensory information processing
Sensory integration
Sex differences
Somatosensory cortex
startle reflex
Startle response
Thalamus
Tourette Syndrome - diagnostic imaging
Tourette Syndrome - physiopathology
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Summary:Startle reflex is modulated when a weaker sensory stimulus (“prepulse”) precedes a startling stimulus (“pulse”). Prepulse Inhibition (PPI) is the attenuation of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 30–500 ms), whereas Prepulse Facilitation (PPF) is the enhancement of the startle reflex (prepulse precedes pulse by 500–6000 ms). Here, we critically appraise human studies using functional neuroimaging to establish brain regions associated with PPI and PPF. Of 10 studies, nine studies revealed thalamic, striatal and frontal lobe activation during PPI in healthy groups, and activation deficits in the cortico‐striato‐pallido‐thalamic circuitry in schizophrenia (three studies) and Tourette Syndrome (two studies). One study revealed a shared network for PPI and PPF in frontal regions and cerebellum, with PPF networks recruiting superior medial gyrus and cingulate cortex. The main gaps in the literature are (i) limited PPF research and whether PPI and PPF operate on separate/shared networks, (ii) no data on sex differences in neural underpinnings of PPI and PPF, and (iii) no data on neural underpinnings of PPI and PPF in other clinical disorders.
ISSN:1065-9471
1097-0193
DOI:10.1002/hbm.25631