Recommendations for antibacterial therapy in adults with COVID-19 – an evidence based guideline

The Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy constituted a multidisciplinary expert committee to provide evidence-based recommendation for the use of antibacterial therapy in hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and suspected or proven 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We performed a...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Clinical microbiology and infection 2021-01, Vol.27 (1), p.61-66
Main Authors:	Sieswerda, Elske, de Boer, Mark G.J., Bonten, Marc M.J., Boersma, Wim G., Jonkers, René E., Aleva, Roel M., Kullberg, Bart-Jan, Schouten, Jeroen A., van de Garde, Ewoudt M.W., Verheij, Theo J., van der Eerden, Menno M., Prins, Jan M., Wiersinga, W. Joost
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Anti-Bacterial Agents - therapeutic use Antibiotics Antimicrobial therapy Bacterial Infections - diagnosis Bacterial Infections - drug therapy Bacterial Infections - microbiology Bacterial Typing Techniques Bias Blood Culture - methods Coinfection COVID-19 COVID-19 - drug therapy COVID-19 - microbiology COVID-19 - virology Evidence-Based Medicine Guidelines Humans Opportunistic Infections - diagnosis Opportunistic Infections - drug therapy Opportunistic Infections - microbiology Pneumonia Pneumonia, Bacterial - diagnosis Pneumonia, Bacterial - drug therapy Pneumonia, Bacterial - microbiology SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2 - pathogenicity Sputum - microbiology
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Summary:	The Dutch Working Party on Antibiotic Policy constituted a multidisciplinary expert committee to provide evidence-based recommendation for the use of antibacterial therapy in hospitalized adults with a respiratory infection and suspected or proven 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). We performed a literature search to answer four key questions. The committee graded the evidence and developed recommendations by using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. We assessed evidence on the risk of bacterial infections in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, the associated bacterial pathogens, how to diagnose bacterial infections and how to treat bacterial infections. Bacterial co-infection upon admission was reported in 3.5% of COVID-19 patients, while bacterial secondary infections during hospitalization occurred up to 15%. No or very low quality evidence was found to answer the other key clinical questions. Although the evidence base on bacterial infections in COVID-19 is currently limited, available evidence supports restrictive antibiotic use from an antibiotic stewardship perspective, especially upon admission. To support restrictive antibiotic use, maximum efforts should be undertaken to obtain sputum and blood culture samples as well as pneumococcal urinary antigen testing. We suggest to stop antibiotics in patients who started antibiotic treatment upon admission when representative cultures as well as urinary antigen tests show no signs of involvement of bacterial pathogens after 48 hours. For patients with secondary bacterial respiratory infection we recommend to follow other guideline recommendations on antibacterial treatment for patients with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia. An antibiotic treatment duration of five days in patients with COVID-19 and suspected bacterial respiratory infection is recommended upon improvement of signs, symptoms and inflammatory markers. Larger, prospective studies about the epidemiology of bacterial infections in COVID-19 are urgently needed to confirm our conclusions and ultimately prevent unnecessary antibiotic use during the COVID-19 pandemic.
ISSN:	1198-743X 1469-0691