Correlation between interleukin-6 levels and methadone maintenance therapy outcomes

•Interleukin-6 concentrations were correlated with plasma morphine levels.•Interleukin-6 levels were associated with urinary morphine test results.•Interleukin-6 levels were associated with poor compliance and early dropout from methadone maintenance therapy.•Higher interleukin-6 levels were associa...

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Published in:	Drug and alcohol dependence 2019-11, Vol.204, p.107516-107516, Article 107516
Main Authors:	Lu, Ru-Band, Wang, Tzu-Yun, Lee, Sheng-Yu, Chen, Shiou-Lan, Chang, Yun-Hsuan, See Chen, Po, Lin, Shih-Hsien, Chu, Chun-Hsien, Huang, San-Yuan, Tzeng, Nian-Sheng, Lee, I Hui, Chin Chen, Kao, Kuang Yang, Yen, Chen, Ping, Chen, Shih-Heng, Hong, Jau-Shyong
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Abuse Adolescent Adult Aged Biomarkers - blood Biomarkers - metabolism Brain Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor - blood C-reactive protein C-Reactive Protein - metabolism Clinical outcomes Compliance Correlation Cytokines Dropping out Drug abuse Drug addiction Female Growth factors Humans IL-1β Inflammation Inflammation - blood Interleukin 6 Interleukin-1beta - blood Interleukin-6 - blood Interleukins Maintenance Male Methadone Methadone - therapeutic use Methadone maintenance therapy Middle Aged Morphine Morphine - blood Morphine - urine Narcotics Necrosis Opiate Substitution Treatment - statistics & numerical data Opioid use disorder Opioid-Related Disorders - drug therapy Opioids Plasma levels Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic - statistics & numerical data Therapy Transforming Growth Factor beta1 - blood Transforming growth factor-b1 Treatment Outcome Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha - blood Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Tumor necrosis factor-α Tumors Young Adult
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Summary:	•Interleukin-6 concentrations were correlated with plasma morphine levels.•Interleukin-6 levels were associated with urinary morphine test results.•Interleukin-6 levels were associated with poor compliance and early dropout from methadone maintenance therapy.•Higher interleukin-6 levels were associated with poor treatment outcome in patients with opioid use disorder. The outcome of methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) varies in each patient with opioid use disorder (OUD). Opioid abuse activates proinflammatory processes by increasing cytokine production and impairing neurotrophic factor expression, and possibly leads to a vicious cycle that hinders recovery. Therefore, we investigated whether markers of inflammation and neurotrophic expression correlate with the MMT outcomes in OUD patients. We investigated OUD patients undergoing MMT and followed them up for 12 weeks. We measured plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), urinary morphine tests, and plasma morphine levels at baseline and on weeks 1, 4, 8, and 12 during MMT. Multiple linear regressions and generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to examine the correlation between the cytokine and BDNF levels and MMT outcomes. We initially enrolled 104 patients, but only 78 patients completed end-of-study assessments. Plasma levels of CRP, TGF-β1, and BDNF fell during MMT. Plasma IL-6 levels were significantly associated with plasma morphine levels (P = 0.005) and urinary morphine-positive (+) results (P = 0.04), and significantly associated with poor compliance (P = 0.009) and early dropout from MMT (P = 0.001). However, other cytokine and BDNF levels were not consistently associated with MMT outcomes. Higher IL-6 levels were associated with poor MMT outcomes. Additional studies on regulating IL-6 expression to improve treatment outcomes in OUD patients might be warranted.
ISSN:	0376-8716 1879-0046