Understanding and interpreting confidence and credible intervals around effect estimates

•Confidence intervals (CI) measure the uncertainty around effect estimates.•Frequentist 95% CI: we can be 95% confident that the true estimate would lie within the interval.•Bayesian 95% CI: there is a 95% probability that the true estimate would lie within the interval.•Decision-making should not b...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Revista brasileira de fisioterapia (São Carlos (São Paulo, Brazil)) Brazil)), 2019-07, Vol.23 (4), p.290-301
Main Authors: Hespanhol, Luiz, Vallio, Caio Sain, Costa, Lucíola Menezes, Saragiotto, Bruno T
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biostatistics
Confidence intervals
Evidence-based practice
Masterclass
Physical therapy specialty
Statistical data analysis
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Summary:•Confidence intervals (CI) measure the uncertainty around effect estimates.•Frequentist 95% CI: we can be 95% confident that the true estimate would lie within the interval.•Bayesian 95% CI: there is a 95% probability that the true estimate would lie within the interval.•Decision-making should not be made considering only the dichotomized interpretation of CIs.•Training and education may enhance knowledge related to understanding and interpreting CIs. Reporting confidence intervals in scientific articles is important and relevant for evidence-based practice. Clinicians should understand confidence intervals in order to determine if they can realistically expect results similar to those presented in research studies when they implement the scientific evidence in clinical practice. The aims of this masterclass are: (1) to discuss confidence intervals around effect estimates; (2) to understand confidence intervals estimation (frequentist and Bayesian approaches); and (3) to interpret such uncertainty measures. Confidence intervals are measures of uncertainty around effect estimates. Interpretation of the frequentist 95% confidence interval: we can be 95% confident that the true (unknown) estimate would lie within the lower and upper limits of the interval, based on hypothesized repeats of the experiment. Many researchers and health professionals oversimplify the interpretation of the frequentist 95% confidence interval by dichotomizing it in statistically significant or non-statistically significant, hampering a proper discussion on the values, the width (precision) and the practical implications of such interval. Interpretation of the Bayesian 95% confidence interval (which is known as credible interval): there is a 95% probability that the true (unknown) estimate would lie within the interval, given the evidence provided by the observed data. The use and reporting of confidence intervals should be encouraged in all scientific articles. Clinicians should consider using the interpretation, relevance and applicability of confidence intervals in real-world decision-making. Training and education may enhance knowledge and skills related to estimating, understanding and interpreting uncertainty measures, reducing the barriers for their use under either frequentist or Bayesian approaches.
ISSN:1413-3555
1809-9246
DOI:10.1016/j.bjpt.2018.12.006