Influence of Nonpolio Enteroviruses and the Bacterial Gut Microbiota on Oral Poliovirus Vaccine Response: A Study from South India

Abstract Background Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is less immunogenic in low- or middle-income than in high-income countries. We tested whether bacterial and viral components of the intestinal microbiota are associated with this phenomenon. Methods We assessed the prevalence of enteropathogens using...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Journal of infectious diseases 2019-04, Vol.219 (8), p.1178-1186
Main Authors: Praharaj, Ira, Parker, Edward P K, Giri, Sidhartha, Allen, David J, Silas, Sophia, Revathi, R, Kaliappan, Saravanakumar Puthupalayam, John, Jacob, Prasad, Jasmine Helan, Kampmann, Beate, Iturriza-Gómara, Miren, Grassly, Nicholas C, Kang, Gagandeep
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bacteria
Editor's Choice
Enterovirus - genetics
Enterovirus Infections - epidemiology
Enterovirus Infections - immunology
Enteroviruses
Gastrointestinal Microbiome - genetics
Humans
Immunization
Immunogenicity
India - epidemiology
Infant
Infants
Infections
Intestinal microflora
Intestine
Intestines - microbiology
Intestines - virology
Major and Brief Reports
Microbiota
Microorganisms
Persistent infection
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral - immunology
Poliovirus Vaccine, Oral - pharmacology
RNA, Ribosomal, 16S - genetics
rRNA 16S
Seroconversion
Serotypes
Vaccination
Vaccines
VP1 protein
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Summary:Abstract Background Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is less immunogenic in low- or middle-income than in high-income countries. We tested whether bacterial and viral components of the intestinal microbiota are associated with this phenomenon. Methods We assessed the prevalence of enteropathogens using TaqMan array cards 14 days before and at vaccination in 704 Indian infants (aged 6–11 months) receiving monovalent type 3 OPV (CTRI/2014/05/004588). Nonpolio enterovirus (NPEV) serotypes were identified by means of VP1 sequencing. In 120 infants, the prevaccination bacterial microbiota was characterized using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Results We detected 56 NPEV serotypes on the day of vaccination. Concurrent NPEVs were associated with a reduction in OPV seroconversion, consistent across species (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 0.57 [.36–.90], 0.61 [.43–.86], and 0.69 [.41–1.16] for species A, B, and C, respectively). Recently acquired enterovirus infections, detected at vaccination but not 14 days earlier, had a greater interfering effect on monovalent type 3 OPV seroresponse than did persistent infections, with enterovirus detected at both time points (seroconversion in 44 of 127 infants [35%] vs 63 of 129 [49%]; P = .02). The abundance of specific bacterial taxa did not differ significantly according to OPV response, although the microbiota was more diverse in nonresponders at the time of vaccination. Conclusion Enteric viruses have a greater impact on OPV response than the bacterial microbiota, with recent enterovirus infections having a greater inhibitory effect than persistent infections. Nonpolio enteroviruses have a significant impact on oral poliovirus vaccine seroresponse irrespective of infecting serotype, whereas the bacterial gut microbiota does not affect OPV seroresponse significantly.
ISSN:0022-1899
1537-6613
DOI:10.1093/infdis/jiy568