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Bone Mass Effects of Cross-Sex Hormone Therapy in Transgender People: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract Context The impact of long-term cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) in transgender men and women is still uncertain. Objective To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis and update the evidence regarding the effects of CSHT on bone mineral density (BMD) in transgender men and women. Data...
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Published in: | Journal of the Endocrine Society 2019-05, Vol.3 (5), p.943-964 |
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Main Authors: | , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | Abstract
Context
The impact of long-term cross-sex hormone therapy (CSHT) in transgender men and women is still uncertain.
Objective
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis and update the evidence regarding the effects of CSHT on bone mineral density (BMD) in transgender men and women.
Data Sources
Medline, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase were searched for studies published until August 2018.
Study Selection
Of 10,849 studies, 19 were selected for systematic review. All included patients were aged >16 years and received CSHT with BMD assessment by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).
Data Extraction
Data on BMD, CSHT, and clinical factors affecting bone mass were collected. A National Institutes of Health scale was used to assess the quality of studies.
Data Synthesis
Nineteen studies were meta-analyzed (487 trans men and 812 trans women). In trans men, mean BMD difference compared with natal women was not significant in any site in either cross-sectional or before-after studies. In trans women, mean BMD difference was not significant compared with natal men at the femoral neck, total femur, and lumbar spine in cross-sectional studies; before-after studies reported a slight but significant increase in lumbar spine BMD after 12 and ≥24 months of treatment.
Conclusions
Long-term CSHT had a neutral effect on BMD in transgender men. In transgender women, only lumbar spine BMD seemed to be affected after CSHT. This evidence is of low to moderate quality as a result of the observational design of studies, small sample sizes, and variations in hormone therapy protocols. |
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ISSN: | 2472-1972 2472-1972 |
DOI: | 10.1210/js.2018-00413 |