Circadian regulation of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans

The circadian system orchestrates metabolism in daily 24-hour cycles. Such rhythms organize metabolism by temporally separating opposing metabolic processes and by anticipating recurring feeding-fasting cycles to increase metabolic efficiency. Although animal studies demonstrate that the circadian s...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Metabolism, clinical and experimental clinical and experimental, 2018-07, Vol.84, p.11-27
Main Authors: Poggiogalle, Eleonora, Jamshed, Humaira, Peterson, Courtney M.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Chronobiology Disorders - complications
Chronobiology Disorders - metabolism
Circadian
Circadian misalignment
Circadian Rhythm - physiology
Diurnal rhythm
Energy Metabolism
Glucose - metabolism
Humans
Lipid Metabolism
Meal timing
Meals - physiology
Sleep - physiology
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Summary:The circadian system orchestrates metabolism in daily 24-hour cycles. Such rhythms organize metabolism by temporally separating opposing metabolic processes and by anticipating recurring feeding-fasting cycles to increase metabolic efficiency. Although animal studies demonstrate that the circadian system plays a pervasive role in regulating metabolism, it is unclear how, and to what degree, circadian research in rodents translates into humans. Here, we review evidence that the circadian system regulates glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism in humans. Using a range of experimental protocols, studies in humans report circadian rhythms in glucose, insulin, glucose tolerance, lipid levels, energy expenditure, and appetite. Several of these rhythms peak in the biological morning or around noon, implicating earlier in the daytime is optimal for food intake. Importantly, disruptions in these rhythms impair metabolism and influence the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. We therefore also review evidence that circadian misalignment induced by mistimed light exposure, sleep, or food intake adversely affects metabolic health in humans. These interconnections among the circadian system, metabolism, and behavior underscore the importance of chronobiology for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.
ISSN:0026-0495
1532-8600
DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.017