Cell biology of spinal cord injury and repair

Spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions present diverse challenges for repair strategies. Anatomically complete injuries require restoration of neural connectivity across lesions. Anatomically incomplete injuries may benefit from augmentation of spontaneous circuit reorganization. Here, we review SCI cell...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	The Journal of clinical investigation 2017-09, Vol.127 (9), p.3259-3270
Main Authors:	O'Shea, Timothy M, Burda, Joshua E, Sofroniew, Michael V
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Animals Astrocytes - cytology Astrocytes - pathology Axons - metabolism Axons - pathology Axons - physiology Biology Care and treatment Cell interaction Cell interactions Cell Proliferation Fibroblasts Growth factors Health aspects Inflammation Injuries Mice Nerve Regeneration - physiology Nervous system Neural circuitry Neural networks Neuroglia - cytology Neuroglia - pathology Neuronal-glial interactions Neurons Neurons - cytology Neurons - pathology Neurosciences Physiological aspects Review Series Scars Smart materials Spinal Cord - cytology Spinal Cord - pathology Spinal cord injuries Spinal Cord Injuries - metabolism Spinal Cord Injuries - therapy Spinal cord injury Stem cells Synapses Tissue engineering
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Summary:	Spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions present diverse challenges for repair strategies. Anatomically complete injuries require restoration of neural connectivity across lesions. Anatomically incomplete injuries may benefit from augmentation of spontaneous circuit reorganization. Here, we review SCI cell biology, which varies considerably across three different lesion-related tissue compartments: (a) non-neural lesion core, (b) astrocyte scar border, and (c) surrounding spared but reactive neural tissue. After SCI, axon growth and circuit reorganization are determined by neuron-cell-autonomous mechanisms and by interactions among neurons, glia, and immune and other cells. These interactions are shaped by both the presence and the absence of growth-modulating molecules, which vary markedly in different lesion compartments. The emerging understanding of how SCI cell biology differs across lesion compartments is fundamental to developing rationally targeted repair strategies.
ISSN:	0021-9738 1558-8238