Protective and Pathological Immunity during Central Nervous System Infections

The concept of immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has dominated the study of inflammatory processes in the brain. However, clinically relevant models have highlighted that innate pathways limit pathogen invasion of the CNS and adaptive immunity mediates control of many neural infec...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Immunity (Cambridge, Mass.) Mass.), 2017-06, Vol.46 (6), p.891-909
Main Authors: Klein, Robyn S., Hunter, Christopher A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adaptive control
Adaptive Immunity
Animals
astrocyte
blood brain barrier
Blood-Brain Barrier - immunology
Brain
Central nervous system
Central Nervous System - immunology
Cytomegalovirus
Damage
Encephalitis
Encephalitis - immunology
Herpes viruses
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Humans
Immune privilege
Immune System
Immune Tolerance
Immunity
Immunity, Innate
infection
Infections
Infections - immunology
Inflammation
Lymphocytes
meningitis
Meningitis - immunology
Microorganisms
monocyte
Nervous system
neuron
Pathogens
Pathology
Regulatory mechanisms (biology)
T cell
Tuberculosis
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
West Nile virus
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Summary:The concept of immune privilege of the central nervous system (CNS) has dominated the study of inflammatory processes in the brain. However, clinically relevant models have highlighted that innate pathways limit pathogen invasion of the CNS and adaptive immunity mediates control of many neural infections. As protective responses can result in bystander damage, there are regulatory mechanisms that balance protective and pathological inflammation, but these mechanisms might also allow microbial persistence. The focus of this review is to consider the host-pathogen interactions that influence neurotropic infections and to highlight advances in our understanding of innate and adaptive mechanisms of resistance as key determinants of the outcome of CNS infection. Advances in these areas have broadened our comprehension of how the immune system functions in the brain and can readily overcome immune privilege. The CNS utilizes multiple mechanisms to restrict microbial entry but there are also innate and adaptive mechanisms that control pathogens that access this immune privileged site. Klein and Hunter review the pathogen interactions with the blood brain barrier and resident glial populations that govern the outcome of CNS infection, as well as the immune mechanisms that dictate protective and pathological responses in the brain.
ISSN:1074-7613
1097-4180
DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.012