Drivers of Microbial Risk for Direct Potable Reuse and de Facto Reuse Treatment Schemes: The Impacts of Source Water Quality and Blending

Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted sur...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental research and public health 2017-06, Vol.14 (6), p.635
Main Authors: Chaudhry, Rabia M, Hamilton, Kerry A, Haas, Charles N, Nelson, Kara L
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Benchmarks
Blending
Capital costs
Computer simulation
Contamination
Cryptosporidium
Cryptosporidium - isolation & purification
Drinking water
Drinking Water - microbiology
Drinking Water - parasitology
Drinking Water - virology
Drought
Effluent treatment
Effluents
Environmental engineering
Environmental risk
Health risk assessment
Health risks
Infections
Microorganisms
Models, Theoretical
Norovirus - isolation & purification
Organic chemistry
Pathogens
Project design
Public awareness
Reclaimed water
Recycling
Risk Assessment
Risk factors
Salmonella
Salmonella - isolation & purification
Surface water
Viruses
Wastewater
Wastewater pollution
Wastewater reuse
Wastewater treatment
Water Purification
Water Quality
Water reuse
Water shortages
Water supply
Water treatment
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Summary:Although reclaimed water for potable applications has many potential benefits, it poses concerns for chemical and microbial risks to consumers. We present a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) Monte Carlo framework to compare a de facto water reuse scenario (treated wastewater-impacted surface water) with four hypothetical Direct Potable Reuse (DPR) scenarios for Norovirus, , and . Consumer microbial risks of surface source water quality (impacted by 0-100% treated wastewater effluent) were assessed. Additionally, we assessed risks for different blending ratios (0-100% surface water blended into advanced-treated DPR water) when source surface water consisted of 50% wastewater effluent. De facto reuse risks exceeded the yearly 10 infections risk benchmark while all modeled DPR risks were significantly lower. Contamination with 1% or more wastewater effluent in the source water, and blending 1% or more wastewater-impacted surface water into the advanced-treated DPR water drove the risk closer to the 10 benchmark. We demonstrate that de facto reuse by itself, or as an input into DPR, drives microbial risks more so than the advanced-treated DPR water. When applied using location-specific inputs, this framework can contribute to project design and public awareness campaigns to build legitimacy for DPR.
ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph14060635