Changing Trends in Complications and Mortality Rates Among US Youth and Young Adults With HIV Infection in the Era of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy

Background. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has resulted in a dramatic decrease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related opportunistic infections and deaths in US youth, but both continue to occur. Methods. We estimated the incidence of complications and deaths in IMPAACT P1074, a lon...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Clinical infectious diseases 2015-12, Vol.61 (12), p.1850-1861
Main Authors: Mirani, Gayatri, Williams, Paige L., Chernoff, Miriam, Abzug, Mark J., Levin, Myron J., Seage, George R., Oleske, James M., Purswani, Murli U., Hazra, Rohan, Traite, Shirley, Zimmer, Bonnie, Van Dyke, Russell B.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Age Factors
AIDS Dementia Complex - epidemiology
AIDS Dementia Complex - mortality
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - epidemiology
AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - mortality
Anti-Retroviral Agents - therapeutic use
Antiretroviral drugs
Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active - methods
Disease control
Drug therapy
Female
HIV
HIV Infections - complications
HIV Infections - drug therapy
HIV Infections - mortality
HIV/AIDS
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Incidence
Male
Metabolic Diseases - epidemiology
Metabolic Diseases - mortality
Mortality
Prospective Studies
Risk Factors
United States - epidemiology
Young Adult
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Summary:Background. Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has resulted in a dramatic decrease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related opportunistic infections and deaths in US youth, but both continue to occur. Methods. We estimated the incidence of complications and deaths in IMPAACT P1074, a long-term US-based prospective multicenter cohort study conducted from April 2008 to June 2014. Incidence rates of selected diagnoses and trends over time were compared with those from a previous observational cohort study, P219C (2004–2007). Causes of death and relevant demographic and clinical features were reviewed. Results. Among 1201 HIV-infected youth in P1074 (87% perinatally infected; mean [standard deviation] age at last chart review, 20.9 [5.4] years), psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, asthma, pneumonia, and genital tract infections were among the most common comorbid conditions. Compared with findings in P219C, conditions with significantly increased incidence included substance or alcohol abuse, latent tuberculosis, diabetes mellitus, atypical mycobacterial infections, vitamin D deficiency or metabolic bone disorders, anxiety disorders, and fractures; the incidence of pneumonia decreased significantly. Twenty-eight deaths occurred, yielding a standardized mortality rate 31.5 times that of the US population. Those who died were older, less likely to be receiving cART, and had lower CD4 cell counts and higher viral loads. Most deaths (86%) were due to HIV-related medical conditions. Conclusions. Opportunistic infections and deaths are less common among HIV-infected youth in the US in the cART era, but the mortality rate remains elevated. Deaths were associated with poor HIV control and older age. Emerging complications, such as psychiatric, inflammatory, metabolic, and genital tract diseases, need to be addressed.
ISSN:1058-4838
1537-6591
DOI:10.1093/cid/civ687