Evaluating Outcome-Correlated Recruitment and Geographic Recruitment Bias in a Respondent-Driven Sample of People Who Inject Drugs in Tijuana, Mexico

Respondent-driven sampling’s (RDS) widespread use and reliance on untested assumptions suggests a need for new exploratory/diagnostic tests. We assessed geographic recruitment bias and outcome-correlated recruitment among 1,048 RDS-recruited people who inject drugs (Tijuana, Mexico). Surveys gathere...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:AIDS and behavior 2014-12, Vol.18 (12), p.2325-2337
Main Authors: Rudolph, Abby E., Gaines, Tommi L., Lozada, Remedios, Vera, Alicia, Brouwer, Kimberly C.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Bias
Clustering
Demographics
Demography
Diagnostic systems
Drug abuse
Drugs
Female
Gender
Health Psychology
HIV Infections - epidemiology
HIV Infections - prevention & control
Humans
Infectious Diseases
Injections
Male
Markets
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Men
Mexico
Mexico - epidemiology
Neighborhoods
Original Paper
Outcome Assessment (Health Care)
Patient Selection
Prevalence
Public Health
Purchasing
Recruitment
Regression analysis
Risk Factors
Robustness (mathematics)
Sampling Studies
Sampling techniques
Sex
Sexually transmitted diseases
Spatial analysis
Spatial dependencies
Spatial discrimination
STD
Substance Abuse, Intravenous - complications
Substance Abuse, Intravenous - epidemiology
Syphilis
Syphilis - epidemiology
Syphilis - prevention & control
Treponema pallidum
Tuberculosis - epidemiology
Tuberculosis - prevention & control
Working Women
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Description
Summary:Respondent-driven sampling’s (RDS) widespread use and reliance on untested assumptions suggests a need for new exploratory/diagnostic tests. We assessed geographic recruitment bias and outcome-correlated recruitment among 1,048 RDS-recruited people who inject drugs (Tijuana, Mexico). Surveys gathered demographics, drug/sex behaviors, activity locations, and recruiter-recruit pairs. Simulations assessed geographic and network clustering of active syphilis (RPR titers ≥1:8). Gender-specific predicted probabilities were estimated using logistic regression with GEE and robust standard errors. Active syphilis prevalence was 7 % (crude: men = 5.7 % and women = 16.6 %; RDS-adjusted: men = 6.7 % and women = 7.6 %). Syphilis clustered in the Zona Norte, a neighborhood known for drug and sex markets. Network simulations revealed geographic recruitment bias and non-random recruitment by syphilis status. Gender-specific prevalence estimates accounting for clustering were highest among those living/working/injecting/buying drugs in the Zona Norte and directly/indirectly connected to syphilis cases (men: 15.9 %, women: 25.6 %) and lowest among those with neither exposure (men: 3.0 %, women: 6.1 %). Future RDS analyses should assess/account for network and spatial dependencies.
ISSN:1090-7165
1573-3254
DOI:10.1007/s10461-014-0838-4