Neural differentiation from embryonic stem cells in vitro ：An overview of the signaling pathways
Neurons derived from embryonic stem cells （ESCs）have gained great merit in both basic research andregenerative medicine. Here we review and summarizethe signaling pathways that have been reported tobe involved in the neuronal differentiation of ESCs,particularly those associated with in vitro differ...
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| Published in: | World journal of stem cells 2015-03, Vol.7 (2), p.437-447 |
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| Main Authors: | , , |
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | eng |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Neurons derived from embryonic stem cells （ESCs）have gained great merit in both basic research andregenerative medicine. Here we review and summarizethe signaling pathways that have been reported tobe involved in the neuronal differentiation of ESCs,particularly those associated with in vitro differentiation.The inducers and pathways explored include retinoicacid, Wnt/b-catenin, transforming growth factor/bonemorphogenetic protein, Notch, fibroblast growthfactor, cytokine, Hedgehog, c-Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase and others. Someother miscellaneous molecular factors that have beenreported in the literature are also summarized anddiscussed. These include calcium, calcium receptor,calcineurin, estrogen receptor, Hox protein, ceramide,glycosaminioglycan, ginsenoside Rg1, opioids, two porechannel 2, nitric oxide, chemically defined medium, cellcellinteractions, and physical stimuli. The interaction orcrosstalk between these signaling pathways and factorswill be explored. Elucidating these signals in detail shouldmake a significant contribution to future progress in stemcell biology and allow, for example, better comparisonsto be made between differentiation in vivo and in vitro .Of equal importance, a comprehensive understandingof the pathways that are involved in the developmentof neurons from ESCs in vitro will also accelerate theirapplication as part of translational medicine. |
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| ISSN: | 1948-0210 1948-0210 |