Gene Loss and Adaptation to Hominids Underlie the Ancient Origin of HIV-1

HIV-1 resulted from cross-species transmission of SIVcpz, a simian immunodeficiency virus that naturally infects chimpanzees. SIVcpz, in turn, is a recombinant between two SIV lineages from Old World monkeys. Lentiviral interspecies transmissions are partly driven by the evolution and capacity of vi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Cell host & microbe 2013-07, Vol.14 (1), p.85-92
Main Authors: Etienne, Lucie, Hahn, Beatrice H., Sharp, Paul M., Matsen, Frederick A., Emerman, Michael
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Evolution, Molecular
Gene Deletion
Gene Products, vif - chemistry
Gene Products, vif - genetics
Gene Products, vif - metabolism
Gene Products, vpr - chemistry
Gene Products, vpr - genetics
Gene Products, vpr - metabolism
Haplorhini
HIV Infections - virology
HIV-1 - chemistry
HIV-1 - classification
HIV-1 - genetics
HIV-1 - metabolism
Hominidae - virology
Humans
Molecular Sequence Data
Pan troglodytes
Phylogeny
Sequence Alignment
Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - virology
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - chemistry
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - classification
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - genetics
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus - metabolism
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Summary:HIV-1 resulted from cross-species transmission of SIVcpz, a simian immunodeficiency virus that naturally infects chimpanzees. SIVcpz, in turn, is a recombinant between two SIV lineages from Old World monkeys. Lentiviral interspecies transmissions are partly driven by the evolution and capacity of viral accessory genes, such as vpx, vpr, and vif, to antagonize host antiviral factors, such as SAMHD1 and the APOBEC3 proteins. We show that vpx, which in other lentiviruses antagonizes SAMHD1, was deleted during the creation of SIVcpz. This genomic deletion resulted in the reconstruction of the overlapping vif gene by “overprinting,” creating a unique vif that overlaps in its 3′ end with the vpr gene and can antagonize hominid APOBEC3s. Moreover, passage of SIVs through chimpanzees facilitated the subsequent adaptation of HIV-1 to humans. Thus, HIV-1 originated through a series of gene loss and adaptation events that generated its chimpanzee precursor and lowered the species barrier to human infection. [Display omitted] •The entire SIVrcm vpx gene was lost upon the adaptation of SIV to chimpanzee•The loss of vpx led to the creation of a unique vif region/gene by overprinting•SIVcpz Vif adapted to counteract hominid APOBEC3 proteins•Adaptation of SIV to chimpanzees facilitated virus adaptation to human APOBEC3G
ISSN:1931-3128
1934-6069
DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2013.06.002