Computational Explorations of Mechanisms and Ligand-Directed Selectivities of Copper-Catalyzed Ullmann-Type Reactions

Computational investigations of ligand-directed selectivities in Ullmann-type coupling reactions of methanol and methylamine with iodobenzene by β-diketone- and 1,10-phenanthroline-ligated CuI complexes are reported. Density functional theory calculations using several functionals were performed on...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of the American Chemical Society 2010-05, Vol.132 (17), p.6205-6213
Main Authors: Jones, Gavin O, Liu, Peng, Houk, K. N, Buchwald, Stephen L
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Catalysis
Computer Simulation
Copper - chemistry
Iodobenzenes - chemistry
Ligands
Methanol - chemistry
Methylamines - chemistry
Models, Chemical
Phenanthrolines - chemistry
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Summary:Computational investigations of ligand-directed selectivities in Ullmann-type coupling reactions of methanol and methylamine with iodobenzene by β-diketone- and 1,10-phenanthroline-ligated CuI complexes are reported. Density functional theory calculations using several functionals were performed on both the nucleophile formation and aryl halide activation steps of these reactions. The origin of ligand-directed selectivities in N- versus O-arylation reactions as described in a previous publication (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3490−3491) were studied and explained. The selectivities observed experimentally are derived not from initial CuI(nucleophile) complex formation but from the subsequent steps involving aryl halide activation. The arylation may occur via single-electron transfer (SET) or iodine atom transfer (IAT), depending on the electron-donating abilities of the ligand and nucleophile. Mechanisms involving either oxidative addition/reductive elimination or σ-bond metathesis are disfavored. SET mechanisms are favored in reactions promoted by the β-diketone ligand; N-arylation is predicted to be favored in these cases, in agreement with experimental results. The phenanthroline ligand promotes O-arylation reactions via IAT mechanisms in preference to N-arylation reactions, which occur via SET mechanisms; this result is also in agreement with experimental results.
ISSN:0002-7863
1520-5126
DOI:10.1021/ja100739h