Identification, Characterization, and Effects of Xenopus laevis PNAS-4 Gene on Embryonic Development

Apoptosis plays an important role in embryonic development. PNAS-4 has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in several cancer cells. In this study, we cloned Xenopus laevis PNAS-4 (xPNAS-4), which is homologous to the human PNAS-4 gene. Bioinformatics analysis for PNAS-4 indicated that xPNAS-4 shar...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:BioMed research international 2010-01, Vol.2010 (2010), p.1-9
Main Authors: Yuan, Zhu, Deng, Hong-xin, Wei, Yu-quan, Yan, Fei, Ma, Fan-xin, Gou, Lan-tu, Zhao, Xin-yu, Ruan, Xu-zhi, Yang, Han-shuo, Yao, Shao-hua
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amino Acid Sequence
Animals
Apoptosis
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins - chemistry
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins - deficiency
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins - genetics
Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins - metabolism
Bioinformatics
Biological and medical sciences
Cell Line
Computational Biology
Danio rerio
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA
Embryo, Nonmammalian - abnormalities
Embryo, Nonmammalian - embryology
Embryo, Nonmammalian - metabolism
Embryonic Development - genetics
Evacuations & rescues
Eye Abnormalities - pathology
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Humans
Life sciences
Medical sciences
Microinjections
Molecular Sequence Data
Pharmacology. Drug treatments
Phylogeny
Protein Transport
Proteins
RNA polymerase
RNA, Messenger - genetics
RNA, Messenger - metabolism
Time Factors
Xenopus laevis
Xenopus laevis - embryology
Xenopus laevis - genetics
Xenopus Proteins - chemistry
Xenopus Proteins - deficiency
Xenopus Proteins - genetics
Xenopus Proteins - metabolism
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Summary:Apoptosis plays an important role in embryonic development. PNAS-4 has been demonstrated to induce apoptosis in several cancer cells. In this study, we cloned Xenopus laevis PNAS-4 (xPNAS-4), which is homologous to the human PNAS-4 gene. Bioinformatics analysis for PNAS-4 indicated that xPNAS-4 shared 87.6% identity with human PNAS-4 and 85.5% with mouse PNAS-4. The phylogenetic tree of PNAS-4 protein was also summarized. An analysis of cellular localization using an EGFP-fused protein demonstrated that xPNAS-4 was localized in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm. RT-PCR analysis revealed that xPNAS-4, as a maternally expressed gene, was present in all stages of early embryo development. Whole-mount in situ hybridization showed that xPNAS-4 was mainly expressed in ectoderm and mesoderm. Furthermore, microinjection of xPNAS-4 mRNA in vivo caused developmental defects manifesting as a small eye phenotype in the Xenopous embryos, and as a small eye or one-eye phenotype in developing zebrafish embryos. In addition, embryos microinjected with xPNAS-4 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (MOs) exhibited a failure of head development and shortened axis.
ISSN:1110-7243
2314-6133
1110-7251
2314-6141
DOI:10.1155/2010/134764