Tumor necrosis factor alpha as a marker of systemic and local inflammation in "healthy" smokers

Tobacco smoking induces a local and systemic inflammatory reaction and also a decline in pulmonary function. There are some novel noninvasive methods to measure the degree of inflammatory bronchial reaction, including the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in which several inflammatory markers can be m...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of general medicine 2009-07, Vol.2, p.9-14
Main Authors: Diez-Pina, Juan M, Fernandez-Aceñero, María J, Llorente-Alonso, María J, Diaz-Lobato, Salvador, Mayoralas, Sagrario, Florez, Asuncion
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Age
Bronchodilators
cigarette smoking
exhaled breath condensate
inflammatory markers
Necrosis
Original Research
Smoking
Tobacco
tumor necrosis factor
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
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Summary:Tobacco smoking induces a local and systemic inflammatory reaction and also a decline in pulmonary function. There are some novel noninvasive methods to measure the degree of inflammatory bronchial reaction, including the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) in which several inflammatory markers can be measured, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). There is a clear clinical need to develop methods that allow early detection of smokers at risk of losing pulmonary function. THE AIMS OF THE PRESENT STUDY ARE: 1) to show that smokers show higher levels of TNF-alpha both in serum and EBC; 2) to analyze the possible influence of gender, age, and weight on this parameter; and 3) to determine a possible association between smoking and pulmonary function parameters and TNF-alpha levels. We have prospectively analyzed two cohorts of smokers and non-smokers subjects without any chronic or acute disease (within eight weeks of study initiation). We have performed pulmonary function tests with bronchodilators and also collected EBC and blood samples before smoking cessation. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 11.0 for Windows Statistical Package. The study has enrolled 17 patients (8 smokers), 50% of whom were females. Mean age was 38.59 years old (standard deviation, 7.4). The mean number of cigarettes smoked in the smoker group was 26.14 (11.29) cigarettes/day and the mean age when tobacco first began was 15.14 (2.04) years. We have not been able to show any significant differences in TNF-alpha levels according to age or weight. For the whole series we have not found any significant influence of gender in TNF-alpha levels, but after dividing the series in smokers and nonsmokers, we have shown higher levels of TNF-alpha in serum (5.59 [0.26] pg/mL vs 5.56 [0.37] pg/mL; nonsignificant [NS]) and EBC (4.94 [0.41] pg/mL vs 4.22 [0.36] pg/mL; p = 0.031) in male smokers. On the other hand, nonsmoking females showed slightly higher TNF-alpha levels in serum (5.70 [0.50] pg/mL vs 5.42 [0.29] pg/mL; NS) and EBC (4.54 [0.92] vs 4.11 [0.41 pg/mL]; NS). Smokers had higher TNF-alpha levels in EBC (4.46 [0.58] pg/mL vs 4.34 [0.62] pg/mL; NS), while serum TNF-alpha levels were slightly higher in nonsmokers (5.52 [0.56] pg/mL vs 5.50 [0.27] pg/mL; NS). We have not demonstrated any association between tobacco consumption and TNF-alpha levels. We have not shown any significant relation between pulmonary function and the studied parameters, with only a modest associati
ISSN:1178-7074
1178-7074
DOI:10.2147/ijgm.s4723