Modulation of metabolic and clock gene mRNA rhythms by pineal and retinal circadian oscillators

Abstract Avian circadian organization involves interactions between three neural pacemakers: the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), pineal, and retina. Each of these structures is linked within a neuroendocrine loop to influence downstream processes and peripheral oscillations. However, the contribution...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:General and comparative endocrinology 2009-04, Vol.161 (2), p.179-192
Main Authors: Karaganis, Stephen P, Bartell, Paul A, Shende, Vikram R, Moore, Ashli F, Cassone, Vincent M
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
2DG uptake
Animals
Avian
Avian Proteins - genetics
Avian Proteins - physiology
Biological Clocks - physiology
Brain
Brain - metabolism
Chicken
Chickens
Circadian
Circadian Rhythm - physiology
Clock gene
Deoxyglucose - metabolism
Endocrinology & Metabolism
Eyes
Gene Expression Regulation - genetics
Gene Expression Regulation - physiology
Heart
In Vitro Techniques
Liver
Liver - metabolism
Male
Metabolism
Myocardium - metabolism
Peripheral
Pineal
Pineal Gland - metabolism
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Retina
Retina - metabolism
RNA, Messenger - genetics
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
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Summary:Abstract Avian circadian organization involves interactions between three neural pacemakers: the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), pineal, and retina. Each of these structures is linked within a neuroendocrine loop to influence downstream processes and peripheral oscillations. However, the contribution of each structure to drive or synchronize peripheral oscillators or circadian outputs in avian species is largely unknown. To explore these interactions in the chick, we measured 2-deoxy[14 C]-glucose (2DG) uptake and mRNA expression of the chick clock genes bmal1 , cry1 , and per3 in three brain areas and in two peripheral organs in chicks that underwent pinealectomy, enucleation, or sham surgery. We found that 2DG uptake rhythms damp under constant darkness in intact animals, while clock gene mRNA levels continue to cycle, demonstrating that metabolic rhythms are not directly driven by clock gene transcription. Moreover, 2DG rhythms are not phase-locked to rhythms of clock gene mRNA. However, pinealectomy and enucleation had similar disruptive effects on both metabolic and clock gene rhythms, suggesting that both of these oscillators act similarly to reinforce molecular and physiological rhythms in the chicken. Finally, we show that the relative phasing of at least one clock gene, cry1 , varies between central and peripheral oscillators in a tissue specific manner. These data point to a complex, differential orchestration of central and peripheral oscillators in the chick, and, importantly, indicate a disconnect between canonical clock gene regulation and circadian control of metabolism.
ISSN:0016-6480
1095-6840
DOI:10.1016/j.ygcen.2008.12.015