The Association between Fatal Coronary Heart Disease and Ambient Particulate Air Pollution: Are Females at Greater Risk?

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of long-term ambient particulate matter (PM) on risk of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD). A cohort of 3,239 nonsmoking, non-Hispanic white adults was followed for 22 years. Monthly concentrations of ambient air pollutants were obtained from monito...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental health perspectives 2005-12, Vol.113 (12), p.1723-1729
Main Authors: Chen, Lie Hong, Knutsen, Synnove F., Shavlik, David, Beeson, W. Lawrence, Petersen, Floyd, Ghamsary, Mark, Abbey, David
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aged
Air pollutants
Air Pollutants - analysis
Air Pollutants - poisoning
Air pollution
California - epidemiology
Cephalopelvic disproportion
Cigarette smoking
Cohort Studies
Congenital heart defects
Coronary artery disease
Coronary Disease - chemically induced
Coronary Disease - epidemiology
Coronary Disease - mortality
Environmental Exposure
European Continental Ancestry Group
Female
Humans
Longitudinal Studies
Male
Middle Aged
Mortality
Particle Size
Particulate matter
Risk Assessment
Risk factors (Health)
Secondhand smoke
Sex Factors
Water pollution
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Summary:The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of long-term ambient particulate matter (PM) on risk of fatal coronary heart disease (CHD). A cohort of 3,239 nonsmoking, non-Hispanic white adults was followed for 22 years. Monthly concentrations of ambient air pollutants were obtained from monitoring stations [PM < 10 μm in aerodynamic diameter ( PM10), ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide] or airport visibility data [PM < 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter ( PM2.5)] and interpolated to ZIP code centroids of work and residence locations. All participants had completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire at baseline (1976), and follow-up information on environmental tobacco smoke and other personal sources of air pollution were available from four subsequent questionnaires from 1977 through 2000. Persons with prevalent CHD, stroke, or diabetes at baseline (1976) were excluded, and analyses were controlled for a number of potential confounders, including lifestyle. In females, the relative risk (RR) for fatal CHD with each 10-μ g/ m3increase in PM2.5was 1.42 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.90] in the single-pollutant model and 2.00 (95% CI, 1.51-2.64) in the two-pollutant model with O3. Corresponding RRs for a 10-μ g/ m3increase in PM10-2.5and PM10were 1.62 and 1.45, respectively, in all females and 1.85 and 1.52 in postmenopausal females. No associations were found in males. A positive association with fatal CHD was found with all three PM fractions in females but not in males. The risk estimates were strengthened when adjusting for gaseous pollutants, especially O3, and were highest for PM2.5. These findings could have great implications for policy regulations.
ISSN:0091-6765
1552-9924
DOI:10.1289/ehp.8190