A facile strategy for tuning the density of surface-grafted biomolecules for melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing applications

Melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing (ME-AM) is a promising technique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. However, most synthetic semicrystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic biological activity required to control cell fate. Grafting of biomolecules on...

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Published in:Bio-design and manufacturing 2024, Vol.7 (3), p.277-291
Main Authors: Beeren, I. A. O., Dos Santos, G., Dijkstra, P. J., Mota, C., Bauer, J., Ferreira, H., Reis, Rui L., Neves, N., Camarero-Espinosa, S., Baker, M. B., Moroni, L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Additive manufacturing
Alkaline phosphatase
Biological activity
Biomaterials
Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering
Bone morphogenetic protein 2
Bone morphogenetic proteins
Cartilage
Cell differentiation
Cell fate
Cell surface
Engineering
Mechanical Engineering
Mechanical properties
Mesenchymal stem cells
Molecular weight
Peptides
Polymers
Proteins
Research Article
Stromal cells
Tissue engineering
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Summary:Melt extrusion-based additive manufacturing (ME-AM) is a promising technique to fabricate porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. However, most synthetic semicrystalline polymers do not possess the intrinsic biological activity required to control cell fate. Grafting of biomolecules on polymeric surfaces of AM scaffolds enhances the bioactivity of a construct; however, there are limited strategies available to control the surface density. Here, we report a strategy to tune the surface density of bioactive groups by blending a low molecular weight poly(ε-caprolactone) 5k (PCL 5k ) containing orthogonally reactive azide groups with an unfunctionalized high molecular weight PCL 75k at different ratios. Stable porous three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds were then fabricated using a high weight percentage (75 wt.%) of the low molecular weight PCL 5k . As a proof-of-concept test, we prepared films of three different mass ratios of low and high molecular weight polymers with a thermopress and reacted with an alkynated fluorescent model compound on the surface, yielding a density of 201–561 pmol/cm 2 . Subsequently, a bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2)-derived peptide was grafted onto the films comprising different blend compositions, and the effect of peptide surface density on the osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) was assessed. After two weeks of culturing in a basic medium, cells expressed higher levels of BMP receptor II (BMPRII) on films with the conjugated peptide. In addition, we found that alkaline phosphatase activity was only significantly enhanced on films containing the highest peptide density (i.e., 561 pmol/cm 2 ), indicating the importance of the surface density. Taken together, these results emphasize that the density of surface peptides on cell differentiation must be considered at the cell-material interface. Moreover, we have presented a viable strategy for ME-AM community that desires to tune the bulk and surface functionality via blending of (modified) polymers. Furthermore, the use of alkyne–azide “click” chemistry enables spatial control over bioconjugation of many tissue-specific moieties, making this approach a versatile strategy for tissue engineering applications. Graphic abstract
ISSN:2096-5524
2522-8552
2522-8552
DOI:10.1007/s42242-024-00286-2