The hypothalamus as a key regulator of glucose homeostasis: emerging roles of the brain renin-angiotensin system

The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:American Journal of Physiology: Cell Physiology 2023-07, Vol.325 (1), p.C141-C154
Main Authors: Pan, Shiyue, Worker, Caleb J, Feng Earley, Yumei
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Angiotensin
Animals
Arcuate nucleus
Brain - metabolism
Central nervous system
Diabetes mellitus
Endocrine system
Energy expenditure
Energy Metabolism - physiology
Glucose
Glucose - metabolism
Homeostasis
Homeostasis - physiology
Humans
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamus (lateral)
Hypothalamus (ventromedial)
Hypothalamus - metabolism
Metabolic rate
Nervous system
Paraventricular nucleus
Renin
Renin-Angiotensin System
Review
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Summary:The regulation of plasma glucose levels is a complex and multifactorial process involving a network of receptors and signaling pathways across numerous organs that act in concert to ensure homeostasis. However, much about the mechanisms and pathways by which the brain regulates glycemic homeostasis remains poorly understood. Understanding the precise mechanisms and circuits employed by the central nervous system to control glucose is critical to resolving the diabetes epidemic. The hypothalamus, a key integrative center within the central nervous system, has recently emerged as a critical site in the regulation of glucose homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of the hypothalamus in regulating glucose homeostasis, with an emphasis on the paraventricular nucleus, the arcuate nucleus, the ventromedial hypothalamus, and lateral hypothalamus. In particular, we highlight the emerging role of the brain renin-angiotensin system in the hypothalamus in regulating energy expenditure and metabolic rate, as well as its potential importance in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
ISSN:0363-6143
1522-1563
1522-1563
DOI:10.1152/ajpcell.00533.2022