Trends in Cases, Hospitalizations, and Mortality Related to the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 Subvariants in South Africa

Trends in Cases, Hospitalizations, and Mortality Related to the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 Subvariants in South Africa

Abstract Background In this study, we compared admission incidence risk and the risk of mortality in the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave to previous waves. Methods Data from South Africa's SARS-CoV-2 case linelist, national COVID-19 hospital surveillance system, and Electronic Vaccine Data System were l...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Clinical infectious diseases 2023-04, Vol.76 (8), p.1468-1475
Main Authors: Jassat, Waasila, Abdool Karim, Salim S, Ozougwu, Lovelyn, Welch, Richard, Mudara, Caroline, Masha, Maureen, Rousseau, Petro, Wolmarans, Milani, Selikow, Anthony, Govender, Nevashan, Walaza, Sibongile, von Gottberg, Anne, Wolter, Nicole, Terrence Pisa, Pedro, Sanne, Ian, Govender, Sharlene, Blumberg, Lucille, Cohen, Cheryl, Groome, Michelle J
Format: Article
Language:eng
Subjects:
COVID-19 - epidemiology
Editor's Choice
Hospitalization
Hospitals
Humans
Laboratory Infection
Major
SARS-CoV-2
South Africa - epidemiology
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Summary:Abstract Background In this study, we compared admission incidence risk and the risk of mortality in the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave to previous waves. Methods Data from South Africa's SARS-CoV-2 case linelist, national COVID-19 hospital surveillance system, and Electronic Vaccine Data System were linked and analyzed. Wave periods were defined when the country passed a weekly incidence of 30 cases/100 000 population. In-hospital case fatality ratios (CFRs) during the Delta, Omicron BA.1/BA.2, and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 waves were compared using post-imputation random effect multivariable logistic regression models. Results The CFR was 25.9% (N = 37 538 of 144 778), 10.9% (N = 6123 of 56 384), and 8.2% (N = 1212 of 14 879) in the Delta, Omicron BA.1/BA.2, and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 waves, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex, race, comorbidities, health sector, and province, compared with the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave, patients had higher risk of mortality in the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 wave (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.2–1.4) and Delta wave (aOR, 3.0; 95% CI: 2.8–3.2). Being partially vaccinated (aOR, 0.9; 95% CI: .9–.9), fully vaccinated (aOR, 0.6; 95% CI: .6–.7), and boosted (aOR, 0.4; 95% CI: .4–.5) and having prior laboratory-confirmed infection (aOR, 0.4; 95% CI: .3–.4) were associated with reduced risks of mortality. Conclusions Overall, admission incidence risk and in-hospital mortality, which had increased progressively in South Africa's first 3 waves, decreased in the fourth Omicron BA.1/BA.2 wave and declined even further in the fifth Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave. Mortality risk was lower in those with natural infection and vaccination, declining further as the number of vaccine doses increased. Admission incidence risk and in-hospital mortality decreased in the Omicron BA.1/BA.2 wave, reducing even further in the Omicron BA.4/BA.5 wave. Mortality risk was lower in those with natural infection and vaccination, declining further as the number of vaccine doses increased.
ISSN:1058-4838
1537-6591