Chemical-Induced Vasculature Injury: Summary of the Symposium Presented at the 32Nd Annual-Meeting of the Society of Toxicology, New-Orleans, Louisiana, March 1993

The cross-sectional structure of the vasculature is comparatively simple, comprising three layers-the intima, adjacent to the lumen, the media, and the adventitia. Notwithstanding this simplicity, the vessels are host to a variety of reactions to injury. Two cell types, endothelial cells of the inti...

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Published in:Toxicology and applied pharmacology 1995-06, Vol.132 (2), p.177-195
Main Authors: Boor, P.J., Gotlieb, A.I., Joseph, E.C., Kerns, W.D., Roth, R.A., Tomaszewski, K.E.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amines - toxicity
Animals
Cells, Cultured
Coronary Vessels - injuries
Endothelium, Vascular - anatomy & histology
Endothelium, Vascular - injuries
Endothelium, Vascular - physiology
Lung - blood supply
Lung - drug effects
Monocrotaline - analogs & derivatives
Monocrotaline - toxicity
Regeneration - physiology
Tunica Media - injuries
Wounds and Injuries - chemically induced
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Summary:The cross-sectional structure of the vasculature is comparatively simple, comprising three layers-the intima, adjacent to the lumen, the media, and the adventitia. Notwithstanding this simplicity, the vessels are host to a variety of reactions to injury. Two cell types, endothelial cells of the intima and smooth muscle cells of the media, are principal targets of damage and repair. The endothelial cells of the intimal layer of the vessel wall present a macromolecular barrier and are important in maintaining vessel integrity. When the integrity is compromised by physical or chemical injury, endothelial cells play a key role in the repair processes. The use of single-cell wound models allows the mechanisms of damage and subsequent repair to be studied in depth. Repair processes can be observed using time-lapse photography and differences between cytoskeleton changes during repair and reendothelialization of small and large wounds can be discriminated. In rats treated with the plant toxin monocrotaline, pulmonary vascular injury occurs which manifests as thrombosis and remodeling with consequent progressive pulmonary hypertension. In vivo and in vitro studies of the mechanism of monocrotaline toxicity suggest that the endothelial cells are an important target. In vitro studies show monocrotaline to be directly cytotoxic; in cells that survive, there are functional changes to the endothelial cells, resulting in a decreased repair capability which may lead to the complex, progressive lung lesions that develop. The other target cells of the vasculature are the smooth muscle cells of the media. Ingestion of primary amines allylamine and β-aminopropionitrile (β-APN) results in chronic vasculotoxicity to the aorta and medium-sized arteries. For allylamine, subtle changes in smooth muscle result in medial hypertrophy and subintimal proliferation. The changes are slow to occur, taking weeks or months of repeated treatment. For β-APN, which is the active ingredient of the toxic sweet pea Lathyrus odoratous, vascular toxicity is manifested by fatal rupture of aortic aneurysms. When these agents are administered concomitantly, a synergistic acute smooth muscle necrosis occurs in large elastic arteries and degenerative changes are seen in muscular arteries. A change in the target for toxicity of allylamine toward the vasculature may be responsible for this synergistic toxic insult. Medial smooth muscle necrosis is also noteworthy after administration of certain pharmaceu
ISSN:0041-008X
1096-0333
DOI:10.1006/taap.1995.1098