Environmental exposure of lead and iron deficit anemia in children age ranged 1–5 years: A cross sectional study

Iron (Fe) deficiency is the most common nutritional problem among children and lead (Pb) toxicity is the most common environmental health threat to children all over the world. The objective of this study was to determine blood lead (BPb) levels and prevalence of Fe deficient anemia among 1 to 5 yea...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Science of the total environment 2010-10, Vol.408 (22), p.5325-5330
Main Authors: Shah, Faheem, Kazi, Tasneem Gul, Afridi, Hassan Imran, Baig, Jameel Ahmed, Khan, Sumaira, Kolachi, Nida Fatima, Wadhwa, Sham Kumar, Shah, Abdul Qadir
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anemia
Anemia, Iron-Deficiency - epidemiology
Biological and medical sciences
Chemical and industrial products toxicology. Toxic occupational diseases
Child, Preschool
Correlation
Cross-Sectional Studies
Environment. Living conditions
Environmental Exposure - statistics & numerical data
Female
Hemoglobin
Humans
Infant
Iron
Iron - blood
Lead
Lead - blood
Male
Medical sciences
Metals and various inorganic compounds
Public health. Hygiene
Public health. Hygiene-occupational medicine
Toxicology
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Summary:Iron (Fe) deficiency is the most common nutritional problem among children and lead (Pb) toxicity is the most common environmental health threat to children all over the world. The objective of this study was to determine blood lead (BPb) levels and prevalence of Fe deficient anemia among 1 to 5 year old children attending day care clinic in pediatric ward of civil hospital Karachi, Pakistan. A total of 340 children of both genders participating in this study, were screened for anemia. Among them 215 were anemic and 125 non-anemic. The anemic group was further divided in two groups on the basis of % hemoglobin (Hb), mild (Hb < 10 g/dL) and severe anemic group (Hb < 8 g/dL), while non-anemic as referent children (Hb > 10 g/dL). The blood samples were analysed for Pb and Fe, along with hematological parameters. The result indicated that anemic children had a higher mean values of Pb in blood than referent children with Hb > 10 g/dL. The Pb levels < 100 μg/L were detected in 40% referent children while 60% of them had > 10 μg/dL. The BPb concentration in severe anemic children (53%) was found in the range of 100–200 μg/L, whereas 47% had > 200 μg/L. The significant negative correlations of BPb level with % Hb ( r = −0.514 and r = −0.685) and Fe contents ( r = −0.522, r = −0.762, p < 0.001) were observed in mild and severe anemic children respectively. While positive correlation was observed between BPb and age of both group and genders ( r = 0.69, p < 0.01). The BPb levels were significantly associated with biochemical indices in the blood which have the potential to be used as biomarkers of Pb intoxication and Fe deficient anemia.
ISSN:0048-9697
1879-1026
DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.07.091