Marine Sponge: A Potential Source for Methoxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in the Asia-Pacific Food Web

Marine sponges collected in Palau, Micronesia, were investigated for hydroxylated or methoxylated analogues of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), brominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (BDD), and brominated biphenyls. The neutral fractions of Haliclona sp. and Callyspongia sp. contained 2′-methoxy-2,3′,4,5′-te...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2011-12, Vol.59 (24), p.13102-13109
Main Authors: Haraguchi, Koichi, Kato, Yoshihisa, Ohta, Chiho, Koga, Nobuyuki, Endo, Tetsuya
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Biological and medical sciences
Environmental Chemistry
Fishes
Food industries
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - analysis
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers - chemistry
Methylation
Pacific Ocean
Palau
Porifera - chemistry
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Summary:Marine sponges collected in Palau, Micronesia, were investigated for hydroxylated or methoxylated analogues of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), brominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (BDD), and brominated biphenyls. The neutral fractions of Haliclona sp. and Callyspongia sp. contained 2′-methoxy-2,3′,4,5′-tetraBDE, 6-methoxy-2,2′,4,4′-tetraBDE, 2′,6-dimethoxy-2,3′,4,5-tetraBDE 2,2′-dimethoxy-3,3′,5,5′-tetrabromobiphenyl, several methoxy-triBDEs, and dimethoxy-penta-/hexaBDEs. The methoxylated BDEs in sponges were strikingly similar to those of local fish living in the western Pacific Ocean. The total concentrations of these compounds (ΣMeO-PBDE) in both sponges were 63.5 μg/g extractable organic matter (EOM) for Haliclona sp. and 36.5 μg/g EOM for Callyspongia sp., which were about 2 orders of magnitude higher than the levels seen in tropical coral reef fish (unicornfish or surgeonfish) (280–290 ng/g lipid) and groupers (550 ng/g lipid) from Okinawan coastal waters. The phenolic fractions of both sponges contained hydroxy-methoxy tetra-/pentaBDEs as well as hydroxy-tetraBDD, in addition to the corresponding phenolic tetraBDE analogues. Although the total concentrations of phenolic products (27–80 μg/g EOM) in both sponges fell within a range comparable to the methoxylated products, ΣOH-PBDE in local fish were trace level (less than 10 ng/g lipid of) or undetectable. This survey indicates that marine sponges are a possible source of the MeO-PBDE analogues that biomagnify via the food chain to the higher trophic organisms in the western Pacific, whereas the distribution of the corresponding hydroxylated analogues is limited.
ISSN:0021-8561
1520-5118
DOI:10.1021/jf203458r