Particulate matter (PM 10) in Istanbul: Origin, source areas and potential impact on surrounding regions

Water-soluble ions (Cl −, NO 3 − , SO 4 2 − , C 2 O 4 − , Na +, NH 4 + , K +, Mg 2+,Ca 2+), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) and trace metals (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) were measured in aerosol PM 10 samples above the megacity of Ista...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Atmospheric environment (1994) 2011-12, Vol.45 (38), p.6891-6900
Main Authors: Koçak, M., Theodosi, C., Zarmpas, P., Im, U., Bougiatioti, A., Yenigun, O., Mihalopoulos, N.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aerosols
aluminum
ammonium compounds
anthropogenic activities
Applied sciences
atmospheric chemistry
Atmospheric pollution
Cadmium
calcium
Carbon
chlorides
Chromium
Combustion
copper
Exact sciences and technology
fuel oils
ions
iron
Istanbul
lead
manganese
nickel
nitrates
Origins
particulates
PM 10
Pollution
potassium
Potential source contribution function
sodium
solid wastes
Source apportionment
Summer
traffic
Winter
zinc
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
Description
Summary:Water-soluble ions (Cl −, NO 3 − , SO 4 2 − , C 2 O 4 − , Na +, NH 4 + , K +, Mg 2+,Ca 2+), water soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) and trace metals (Al, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb) were measured in aerosol PM 10 samples above the megacity of Istanbul between November 2007 and June 2009. Source apportionment analysis using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) indicates that approximately 80% of the PM 10 is anthropogenic in origin (secondary, refuse incineration, fuel oil and solid fuel combustion and traffic). Crustal and sea salt account for 10.2 and 7.5% of the observed mass, respectively. In general, anthropogenic (except secondary) aerosol shows higher concentrations and contributions in winter. Mean concentration and contribution of crustal source is found to be more important during the transitional period due to mineral dust transport from North Africa. During the sampling period, 42 events exceeding the limit value of 50 μg m −3 are identified. A significant percentage (91%; n = 38) of these exceedances is attributed to anthropogenic sources. Potential Source Contribution Function analysis highlights that Istanbul is affected from distant sources from Balkans and Western Europe during winter and from Eastern Europe during summer. On the other hand, Istanbul sources influence western Black Sea and Eastern Europe during winter and Aegean and Levantine Sea during summer.
ISSN:1352-2310
1873-2844
DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.10.007