Lipid-sensing nuclear receptors in the pathophysiology and treatment of the metabolic syndrome

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of different diseases, namely central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, together with a pro‐thrombotic and pro‐inflammatory state. These metabolic abnormalities are often associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and...

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Published in:Wiley interdisciplinary reviews. Mechanisms of disease 2011-09, Vol.3 (5), p.562-587
Main Authors: Vacca, Michele, Degirolamo, Chiara, Mariani-Costantini, Renato, Palasciano, Giuseppe, Moschetta, Antonio
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Abnormalities
Cancer
Carbohydrate metabolism
Carbohydrates
Cardiovascular diseases
Diet
Dyslipidemia
Energy Metabolism
Fatty Acids - metabolism
Glucose - metabolism
Health risks
Homeostasis
Humans
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Inflammation
Lipid metabolism
Lipids
Liver
Liver X Receptors
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic Syndrome - etiology
Metabolic Syndrome - therapy
Metabolism
Nuclear receptors
Orphan Nuclear Receptors - metabolism
Patients
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors - metabolism
Pharmacology
Physiology
Receptors
Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear - metabolism
Regulators
Signaling
Therapeutic applications
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Summary:Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a cluster of different diseases, namely central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia, together with a pro‐thrombotic and pro‐inflammatory state. These metabolic abnormalities are often associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. Dietary and lifestyle modifications are currently believed more effective than pharmacological therapies in the management of MS patients. Nevertheless, the relatively low grade of compliance of patients to these recommendations, as well as the failure of current therapies, highlights the need for the discovery of new pharmacological and nutraceutic approaches. A deeper knowledge of the patho‐physiological events that initiate and support the MS is mandatory. Lipid‐sensing nuclear receptors (NRs) are the master transcriptional regulators of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and inflammatory responses, thus standing as suitable targets. This review focuses on the physiological relevance of the NRs (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors, liver X receptors, and farnesoid X receptor) in the control of whole‐body homeostasis, with a special emphasis on lipid and glucose metabolism, and on the relationships between metabolic unbalances, systemic inflammation, and the onset of CVD. Future perspectives and possible clinical applications are also presented. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2011 3 562–587 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.137 This article is categorized under: Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
ISSN:1939-5094
1939-005X
2692-9368
DOI:10.1002/wsbm.137