The mechanism of papain inhibition by peptidyl aldehydes

Various mechanisms for the reversible formation of a covalent tetrahedral complex (TC) between papain and peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors were simulated by DFT calculations, applying the quantum mechanical/self consistent reaction field (virtual solvent) [QM/SCRF(VS)] approach. Only one mechanism corre...

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Published in:Proteins, structure, function, and bioinformatics structure, function, and bioinformatics, 2011-03, Vol.79 (3), p.975-985
Main Authors: Shokhen, Michael, Khazanov, Netaly, Albeck, Amnon
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aldehydes
Aldehydes - chemistry
Aldehydes - pharmacology
Catalytic Domain
Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - chemistry
Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors - pharmacology
enzyme mechanism
Enzymes
Models, Molecular
molecular modelling
papain
Papain - antagonists & inhibitors
Papain - chemistry
pK a in proteins
quantum mechanics
solvation
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Summary:Various mechanisms for the reversible formation of a covalent tetrahedral complex (TC) between papain and peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors were simulated by DFT calculations, applying the quantum mechanical/self consistent reaction field (virtual solvent) [QM/SCRF(VS)] approach. Only one mechanism correlates with the experimental kinetic data. The His–Cys catalytic diad is in an N/SH protonation state in the noncovalent papain–aldehyde Michaelis complex. His159 functions as a general base catalyst, ing a proton from the Cys25, whereas the activated thiolate synchronously attacks the inhibitor's carbonyl group. The final product of papain inhibition is the protonated neutral form of the hemithioacetal TC(OH), in agreement with experimental data. The predicted activation barrier g enz≠ = 5.2 kcal mol−1 is close to the experimental value of 6.9 kcal mol−1. An interpretation of the experimentally observed slow binding effect for peptidyl aldehyde inhibitors is presented. The calculated g cat≠ is much lower than the rate determining activation barrier of hemithioacetal formation in water, g w≠, in agreement with the concept that the preorganized electrostatic environment in the enzyme active site is the driving force of enzyme catalysis. We have rationalized the origin of the acidic and basic pKa's on the k2/KS versus pH bell‐shaped profile of papain inhibition by peptidyl aldehydes. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ISSN:0887-3585
1097-0134
DOI:10.1002/prot.22939