Water contact observations in Kenyan communities endemic for schistosomiasis: methodology and patterns of behaviour

A descriptive analysis of observed water contact activities in seven Kenyan (Akamba) communities is presented. The patterns of contact with time of day, month of year, type of activity, degree of immersion, use of soap, use of ‘kithima’ and day of week are all considered, with particular attention g...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Parasitology 1996-09, Vol.113 (3), p.223-241
Main Authors: Fulford, A. J. C., Ouma, J. H., Kariuki, H. C., Thiongo, F. W., Klumpp, R., Kloos, H., Sturrock, R. F., Butterworth, A. E.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Animals
Biological and medical sciences
Child
Child, Preschool
data handling
Diseases caused by trematodes
Endemic Diseases
Female
Habits
Helminthic diseases
Humans
Infectious diseases
Kenya
Male
Medical sciences
Middle Aged
Parasitic diseases
quasi-likelihood Poisson model
Residence Characteristics
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosomiases
Schistosomiasis
Sex Factors
size of factorial effects
Time Factors
Water
water contact
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Summary:A descriptive analysis of observed water contact activities in seven Kenyan (Akamba) communities is presented. The patterns of contact with time of day, month of year, type of activity, degree of immersion, use of soap, use of ‘kithima’ and day of week are all considered, with particular attention given to how these vary with age and sex. It is noted that (a) patterns of contact vary dramatically between these culturally rather similar communities, (b) contact usually peaks in the second decade of life, (c) generally females, especially young women, spend more time at the water than males and (d) simple (unweighted) total observed duration of contact gives a relatively inflated estimate of exposure in adults, especially young women. The methodology of observation and data handling is described in some detail.
ISSN:0031-1820
1469-8161
DOI:10.1017/S0031182000082007