Morphological and phase dependence of nanotitania materials generated under extreme pH conditions for large scale production of TiO2 nanowires (basic) and nanosquares or nanrods (acidic)

The effect that the phase of the starting nanoseed titania (TiO 2 ), the pH of the solvent solution, and the processing methodology employed have on the properties of the resultant TiO 2 nanomaterials were explored. This led to the development of a new process to produce large-scale, phase pure, thi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of materials science 2010-04, Vol.45 (7), p.1744-1759
Main Authors: Boyle, Timothy J., Lambert, Timothy N., Pratt, Harry D., Lu, Ping, Griego, James J. M., Bush, Nancy, Chavez, Carlos A., Welk, Margaret
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anatase
Basic converters
Characterization and Evaluation of Materials
Chemical precipitation
Chemistry and Materials Science
Classical Mechanics
Crystallography and Scattering Methods
Dependence
Glassware
Materials Science
Nanocomposites
Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles
Nanorods
Nanostructure
Nanowires
Polymer Sciences
Rutile
Solid Mechanics
Solvents
Titanium dioxide
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Summary:The effect that the phase of the starting nanoseed titania (TiO 2 ), the pH of the solvent solution, and the processing methodology employed have on the properties of the resultant TiO 2 nanomaterials were explored. This led to the development of a new process to produce large-scale, phase pure, thin nanowires of TiO 2 at high pH and nanosquares at low pH. Anatase, rutile, and Degussa P25 TM TiO 2 nanoparticle starting materials (or nanoseeds) were processed in strongly basic (10 M KOH) and strongly acidic (conc. HX, where X = Cl, Br, I) solutions using solvothermal (SOLVO) and solution precipitation (SPPT) methodologies. Under basic SOLVO conditions, the nanoseeds were converted to H 2 Ti 2 O 5 ·H 2 O nanowires. The SPPT basic conditions also produced the same phased nanowires for the rutile and anatase nanoseeds, while the Degussa nanomaterial yielded mixed phased [anatase:rutile (9:1)] nanowires. The SPPT method was found to produce substantially thinner nanowires in comparison to the SOLVO route, with comparable surface areas but the strong basic media led to etching of the glassware yielding HK 3 Ti 4 O 4 (SiO 4 ) 3 ·4H 2 O nanorods. Hybridization of these two processing routes led to the use of Nalgene TM bottle as the reaction flask termed the hybrid (HYBR) route, yielding even thinner H 2 Ti 2 O 5 ·H 2 O nanowires on a large-scale. Switching to a concentrated halide acid (HX, where X = Cl, Br, I) system, SOLVO, SPPT, and HYBR routes were investigated. The resultant TEM images revealed that the rutile starting material yielded short rods, whereas the anatase seeds formed square or faceted materials.
ISSN:0022-2461
1573-4803
DOI:10.1007/s10853-009-4148-6