Corticosterone exerts immunostimulatory effects on macrophages via endoplasmic reticulum stress

Background: Glucocorticoids are the central effector hormones for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, the effects of endogenous glucocorticoids on the immune system are not understood completely. Methods: Macrophage function (adherence, chemotaxis and cytokine production) was assessed...

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Published in:	British journal of surgery 2010-02, Vol.97 (2), p.281-293
Main Authors:	Zhou, J.-Y., Zhong, H.-J., Yang, C., Yan, J., Wang, H.-Y., Jiang, J.-X.
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Adjuvants, Immunologic - pharmacology Animals Biological and medical sciences Cell Adhesion - drug effects Chemotaxis - drug effects Corticosterone - pharmacology Cytokines - biosynthesis DNA-Binding Proteins - physiology Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Endoplasmic Reticulum - drug effects General aspects Macrophages - drug effects Macrophages - immunology Medical sciences Mice Mice, Inbred C57BL Mifepristone - pharmacology Phagocytosis - drug effects Receptors, Glucocorticoid - physiology Regulatory Factor X Transcription Factors Stress, Physiological - drug effects Thapsigargin - pharmacology Transcription Factors - physiology X-Box Binding Protein 1
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Summary:	Background: Glucocorticoids are the central effector hormones for the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, the effects of endogenous glucocorticoids on the immune system are not understood completely. Methods: Macrophage function (adherence, chemotaxis and cytokine production) was assessed in the presence of increasing concentrations of corticosterone. The role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in corticosterone immunoregulation was determined with thapsigargin and plasmid pGCL‐GFP‐siXBP1. Mifepristone was used to determine the role of glucocorticoid receptor in the corticosterone‐induced ER stress response. Results: Corticosterone exerted immunostimulatory effects on macrophage function at low concentrations. No effects were observed at high concentrations in the absence of immunological stimulation. Low‐dose corticosterone induced ER stress, which was correlated to the corticosterone immunostimulatory activities. Expression of X box‐binding protein (XBP) 1, but not activating transcription factor 6, was significantly increased at both mRNA and protein levels only in the presence of low‐dose corticosterone. Inhibition of XBP1 expression with small interfering RNA significantly inhibited the corticosterone immunostimulatory effects. In addition, pretreatment of macrophages with mifepristone significantly inhibited the expression of glucose response protein 78 and XBP1 in macrophages by low‐dose corticosterone. Conclusion: At low concentrations, endogenous glucocorticoids exert immunostimulatory actions on macrophages. The underlying mechanisms may be correlated to ER stress via the glucocorticoid receptor, in which XBP1 plays an important role. Copyright © 2010 British Journal of Surgery Society Ltd. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Endogenous steroid stimulates macrophages
ISSN:	0007-1323 1365-2168