Effects of biocides on gene expression in the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough

Although sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) are often eradicated in oil and gas operations with biocides, such as glutaraldehyde (Glut), tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC), their response to these agen...

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Published in:	Applied microbiology and biotechnology 2010-07, Vol.87 (3), p.1109-1118
Main Authors:	Lee, Meng-Hsin Phoebe, Caffrey, Sean M, Voordouw, Johanna K, Voordouw, Gerrit
Format:	Article
Language:	eng
Subjects:	Applied Microbial and Cell Physiology Bacteria Bacterial artificial chromosomes Bacterial Proteins - genetics Bacterial Proteins - metabolism Biocide Biological and medical sciences Biomedical and Life Sciences Biotechnology Desulfovibrio vulgaris - drug effects Desulfovibrio vulgaris - genetics Desulfovibrio vulgaris - metabolism Disinfectants - pharmacology E coli Enzymes Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Gene expression Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial - drug effects Genomes Genomics Hybridization Life Sciences Metabolism Microarray Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbiology Oxidation-Reduction Physiology Souring SRB Studies sulfates Sulfates - metabolism Sulfide
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Summary:	Although sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB), such as Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough (DvH) are often eradicated in oil and gas operations with biocides, such as glutaraldehyde (Glut), tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium sulfate (THPS), and benzalkonium chloride (BAC), their response to these agents is not well known. Whole genome microarrays of D. vulgaris treated with biocides well below the minimum inhibitory concentration showed that 256, 96, and 198 genes were responsive to Glut, THPS, and BAC, respectively, and that these three commonly used biocides affect the physiology of the cell quite differently. Glut induces expression of genes required to degrade or refold proteins inactivated by either chemical modification or heat shock, whereas BAC appears to target ribosomal structure. THPS appears to primarily affect energy metabolism of SRB. Mutants constructed for genes strongly up-regulated by Glut, were killed by Glut to a similar degree as the wild type. Hence, it is difficult to achieve increased sensitivity to this biocide by single gene mutations, because Glut affects so many targets. Our results increase understanding of the biocide's mode of action, allowing a more intelligent combination of mechanistically different agents. This can reduce stress on budgets for chemicals and on the environment.
ISSN:	0175-7598 1432-0614