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Improving CPR performance using an audible feedback system suitable for incorporation into an automated external defibrillator
Background: It has been shown that a computer-based audible feedback system can improve acquisition and retention of basic life support (BLS) skills. This system is being developed to work in association with an automated external defibrillator (AED). Aim: To determine if such a feedback system is l...
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| Published in: | Resuscitation 2003-04, Vol.57 (1), p.57-62 |
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| creator | Handley, Anthony J. Handley, Simon A.J. |
| description | Background: It has been shown that a computer-based audible feedback system can improve acquisition and retention of basic life support (BLS) skills. This system is being developed to work in association with an automated external defibrillator (AED).
Aim: To determine if such a feedback system is likely to improve the quality of CPR performed by trained nurses whilst using an AED.
Method: Thirty-six general nurses performed 3 min of BLS on a manikin connected to a laptop computer running an experimental software program. After initial testing they were randomly allocated to control or ‘feedback’ groups. Both groups then performed a further 3 min of BLS, but those in the feedback group received audible corrective instructions from the computer when errors of technique were detected.
Results: The group receiving feedback were significantly better than the control group at performing inflations (
P=0.004) and achieving the correct depth of chest compression (
P |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00400-8 |
| format | article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_73147756</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><els_id>S0300957202004008</els_id><sourcerecordid>73147756</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-737b5759afb2c0f4b668f3d56f352821d5396332ceca2398246e77aa28080b5b3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNqFkUtrFTEUgINY7LX2JyjZKHYxmsdkMrMSuWgtFJRq1yGPE4nOTK5JptiNv72Z3otdFgLh5Hzn5OQLQi8peUcJ7d5_J5yQZhCSvSXsjJC2Rv0TtKG95A0VkjxFm__IMXqe8y9CCBeDfIaOKeu6viY36N_FtEvxJsw_8fbbFd5B8jFNeraAl7ye6hnrxQUzAvYAzmj7G-fbXGDCeQlF3ydiwmG2Me1i0iXEuUYl7ktLnHQBh-FvgTTrETvwwaQwjrrE9AIdeT1mOD3sJ-j686cf2y_N5dfzi-3Hy8a2LS-N5NIIKQbtDbPEt6aO77kTneeC9Yw6wYeOc2bBasaHnrUdSKk160lPjDD8BL3Z962P_bNALmoK2UIdYoa4ZCU5baUUXQXFHrQp5pzAq10Kk063ihK1ilf34tVqVZG6VvGqr3WvDhcsZgL3UHUwXYHXB0Bnq0efquOQH7i2E2uryn3Yc1B13ARIKtsA9T9cSGCLcjE8Msod65WhKA</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>73147756</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Improving CPR performance using an audible feedback system suitable for incorporation into an automated external defibrillator</title><source>ScienceDirect Freedom Collection</source><creator>Handley, Anthony J. ; Handley, Simon A.J.</creator><creatorcontrib>Handley, Anthony J. ; Handley, Simon A.J.</creatorcontrib><description><![CDATA[Background: It has been shown that a computer-based audible feedback system can improve acquisition and retention of basic life support (BLS) skills. This system is being developed to work in association with an automated external defibrillator (AED).
Aim: To determine if such a feedback system is likely to improve the quality of CPR performed by trained nurses whilst using an AED.
Method: Thirty-six general nurses performed 3 min of BLS on a manikin connected to a laptop computer running an experimental software program. After initial testing they were randomly allocated to control or ‘feedback’ groups. Both groups then performed a further 3 min of BLS, but those in the feedback group received audible corrective instructions from the computer when errors of technique were detected.
Results: The group receiving feedback were significantly better than the control group at performing inflations (
P=0.004) and achieving the correct depth of chest compression (
P<0.0005).
Conclusions: The results suggest that if the feedback system were to be incorporated into an AED, it could lead to better performance of CPR during a resuscitation attempt.
Contexto: Há evidência de que a utilização de um sistema de feedback sonoro baseado num computador pode melhorar a aquisição e retenção de conhecimentos/ competências práticas em Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV). Este sistema está a ser desenvolvido para ser incorporado num Desfibrilhador Automático Externo (DAE).
Objectivo: Determinar se um sistema de feedback com este formato é capaz de melhorar a qualidade de RCP realizada por enfermeiros treinados quando utilizam um DAE.
Método: Trinta e seis enfermeiros gerais realizaram 3 minutos de SBV num manequim ligado a um computador que utilizava um programa com software experimental. Após o teste inicial eles foram distribuı́dos de forma randomizada por grupos de controlo ou feedback. Ambos os grupos realizaram depois mais 3 minutos de SBV, mas aqueles que pertenciam ao grupo ‘feedback’ receberam instruções audı́veis correctoras por parte do computador quando foram detectados erros técnicos.
Resultados: O grupo que recebeu feedback foi significativamente melhor do que o grupo controlo na realização das insuflações (
P=0.0004) e na obtenção da profundidade adequada das compressões torácicas (
P<0.0005).
Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que se for utilizado um sistema de feedback incorporado num DAE, este pode levar a um melhor desempenho de RCP durante a tentativa de reanimação.
Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que un sistema con retroalimentación audible computarizado mejora la adquisición y retención de destrezas de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica (BLS). Este sistema está siendo desarrollado para trabajar asociado con un desfibrilador automático externo (AED).
Objetivo: determinar si este sistema con retroalimentación puede mejorar la calidad de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) realizada por enfermeras entrenadas durante la utilización de un AED.
Métodos: treinta y seis enfermeras generales realizaron tres minutos de RCP en un maniquı́ conectado a un computador que utilizaba un programa de software experimental de RCP. Después de una evaluación inicial se ubicaron en grupos control o retroalimentación en forma randomizada. Entonces ambos grupos realizaron otros 3 minutos de RCP, pero el grupo ‘retroalimentación’ recibió instrucciones de correción audibles cada vez que se detectaba un error en la técnica.
Resultados: El grupo retroalimentación fue significativamente mejor que el grupo control en las insuflaciones (
P=0.004) y en alcanzar la profundidad de compresión torácica adecuada (
P<0.0005).
Conclusiones: el resultado sugiere que si se agregara el sistema de retroalimentación al AED, ello llevarı́a a un mejor desempeño de la RCP en el intento de resucitación.]]></description><identifier>ISSN: 0300-9572</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1873-1570</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00400-8</identifier><identifier>PMID: 12668300</identifier><identifier>CODEN: RSUSBS</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Shannon: Elsevier Ireland Ltd</publisher><subject>Adult ; Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy ; Automated external defibrillator ; Automation ; Basic life support ; Biological and medical sciences ; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - education ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - instrumentation ; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - methods ; Defibrillation ; Desfibrilación ; Desfibrilador automático externo ; Desfibrilhador automático externo ; Desfibrilhação ; Educación ; Education ; Education, Nursing, Continuing ; Educação ; Electric Countershock - instrumentation ; Electric Countershock - methods ; Emergency and intensive cardiocirculatory care. Cardiogenic shock. Coronary intensive care ; Feedback ; Female ; Humans ; Intensive care medicine ; Male ; Manikins ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Probability ; Reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) ; Reanimação cardio-pulmonar ; Reference Values ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Soporte vital básico ; Statistics, Nonparametric ; Suporte básico de vida ; Therapy, Computer-Assisted</subject><ispartof>Resuscitation, 2003-04, Vol.57 (1), p.57-62</ispartof><rights>2002 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd</rights><rights>2003 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-737b5759afb2c0f4b668f3d56f352821d5396332ceca2398246e77aa28080b5b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-737b5759afb2c0f4b668f3d56f352821d5396332ceca2398246e77aa28080b5b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>315,783,787,27936,27937</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=14650400$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668300$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Handley, Anthony J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Handley, Simon A.J.</creatorcontrib><title>Improving CPR performance using an audible feedback system suitable for incorporation into an automated external defibrillator</title><title>Resuscitation</title><addtitle>Resuscitation</addtitle><description><![CDATA[Background: It has been shown that a computer-based audible feedback system can improve acquisition and retention of basic life support (BLS) skills. This system is being developed to work in association with an automated external defibrillator (AED).
Aim: To determine if such a feedback system is likely to improve the quality of CPR performed by trained nurses whilst using an AED.
Method: Thirty-six general nurses performed 3 min of BLS on a manikin connected to a laptop computer running an experimental software program. After initial testing they were randomly allocated to control or ‘feedback’ groups. Both groups then performed a further 3 min of BLS, but those in the feedback group received audible corrective instructions from the computer when errors of technique were detected.
Results: The group receiving feedback were significantly better than the control group at performing inflations (
P=0.004) and achieving the correct depth of chest compression (
P<0.0005).
Conclusions: The results suggest that if the feedback system were to be incorporated into an AED, it could lead to better performance of CPR during a resuscitation attempt.
Contexto: Há evidência de que a utilização de um sistema de feedback sonoro baseado num computador pode melhorar a aquisição e retenção de conhecimentos/ competências práticas em Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV). Este sistema está a ser desenvolvido para ser incorporado num Desfibrilhador Automático Externo (DAE).
Objectivo: Determinar se um sistema de feedback com este formato é capaz de melhorar a qualidade de RCP realizada por enfermeiros treinados quando utilizam um DAE.
Método: Trinta e seis enfermeiros gerais realizaram 3 minutos de SBV num manequim ligado a um computador que utilizava um programa com software experimental. Após o teste inicial eles foram distribuı́dos de forma randomizada por grupos de controlo ou feedback. Ambos os grupos realizaram depois mais 3 minutos de SBV, mas aqueles que pertenciam ao grupo ‘feedback’ receberam instruções audı́veis correctoras por parte do computador quando foram detectados erros técnicos.
Resultados: O grupo que recebeu feedback foi significativamente melhor do que o grupo controlo na realização das insuflações (
P=0.0004) e na obtenção da profundidade adequada das compressões torácicas (
P<0.0005).
Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que se for utilizado um sistema de feedback incorporado num DAE, este pode levar a um melhor desempenho de RCP durante a tentativa de reanimação.
Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que un sistema con retroalimentación audible computarizado mejora la adquisición y retención de destrezas de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica (BLS). Este sistema está siendo desarrollado para trabajar asociado con un desfibrilador automático externo (AED).
Objetivo: determinar si este sistema con retroalimentación puede mejorar la calidad de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) realizada por enfermeras entrenadas durante la utilización de un AED.
Métodos: treinta y seis enfermeras generales realizaron tres minutos de RCP en un maniquı́ conectado a un computador que utilizaba un programa de software experimental de RCP. Después de una evaluación inicial se ubicaron en grupos control o retroalimentación en forma randomizada. Entonces ambos grupos realizaron otros 3 minutos de RCP, pero el grupo ‘retroalimentación’ recibió instrucciones de correción audibles cada vez que se detectaba un error en la técnica.
Resultados: El grupo retroalimentación fue significativamente mejor que el grupo control en las insuflaciones (
P=0.004) y en alcanzar la profundidad de compresión torácica adecuada (
P<0.0005).
Conclusiones: el resultado sugiere que si se agregara el sistema de retroalimentación al AED, ello llevarı́a a un mejor desempeño de la RCP en el intento de resucitación.]]></description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy</subject><subject>Automated external defibrillator</subject><subject>Automation</subject><subject>Basic life support</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</subject><subject>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - education</subject><subject>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - instrumentation</subject><subject>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - methods</subject><subject>Defibrillation</subject><subject>Desfibrilación</subject><subject>Desfibrilador automático externo</subject><subject>Desfibrilhador automático externo</subject><subject>Desfibrilhação</subject><subject>Educación</subject><subject>Education</subject><subject>Education, Nursing, Continuing</subject><subject>Educação</subject><subject>Electric Countershock - instrumentation</subject><subject>Electric Countershock - methods</subject><subject>Emergency and intensive cardiocirculatory care. Cardiogenic shock. Coronary intensive care</subject><subject>Feedback</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Intensive care medicine</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Manikins</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Probability</subject><subject>Reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP)</subject><subject>Reanimação cardio-pulmonar</subject><subject>Reference Values</subject><subject>Sensitivity and Specificity</subject><subject>Soporte vital básico</subject><subject>Statistics, Nonparametric</subject><subject>Suporte básico de vida</subject><subject>Therapy, Computer-Assisted</subject><issn>0300-9572</issn><issn>1873-1570</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2003</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNqFkUtrFTEUgINY7LX2JyjZKHYxmsdkMrMSuWgtFJRq1yGPE4nOTK5JptiNv72Z3otdFgLh5Hzn5OQLQi8peUcJ7d5_J5yQZhCSvSXsjJC2Rv0TtKG95A0VkjxFm__IMXqe8y9CCBeDfIaOKeu6viY36N_FtEvxJsw_8fbbFd5B8jFNeraAl7ye6hnrxQUzAvYAzmj7G-fbXGDCeQlF3ydiwmG2Me1i0iXEuUYl7ktLnHQBh-FvgTTrETvwwaQwjrrE9AIdeT1mOD3sJ-j686cf2y_N5dfzi-3Hy8a2LS-N5NIIKQbtDbPEt6aO77kTneeC9Yw6wYeOc2bBasaHnrUdSKk160lPjDD8BL3Z962P_bNALmoK2UIdYoa4ZCU5baUUXQXFHrQp5pzAq10Kk063ihK1ilf34tVqVZG6VvGqr3WvDhcsZgL3UHUwXYHXB0Bnq0efquOQH7i2E2uryn3Yc1B13ARIKtsA9T9cSGCLcjE8Msod65WhKA</recordid><startdate>20030401</startdate><enddate>20030401</enddate><creator>Handley, Anthony J.</creator><creator>Handley, Simon A.J.</creator><general>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</general><general>Elsevier</general><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20030401</creationdate><title>Improving CPR performance using an audible feedback system suitable for incorporation into an automated external defibrillator</title><author>Handley, Anthony J. ; Handley, Simon A.J.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c443t-737b5759afb2c0f4b668f3d56f352821d5396332ceca2398246e77aa28080b5b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2003</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy</topic><topic>Automated external defibrillator</topic><topic>Automation</topic><topic>Basic life support</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Cardiopulmonary resuscitation</topic><topic>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - education</topic><topic>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - instrumentation</topic><topic>Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - methods</topic><topic>Defibrillation</topic><topic>Desfibrilación</topic><topic>Desfibrilador automático externo</topic><topic>Desfibrilhador automático externo</topic><topic>Desfibrilhação</topic><topic>Educación</topic><topic>Education</topic><topic>Education, Nursing, Continuing</topic><topic>Educação</topic><topic>Electric Countershock - instrumentation</topic><topic>Electric Countershock - methods</topic><topic>Emergency and intensive cardiocirculatory care. Cardiogenic shock. Coronary intensive care</topic><topic>Feedback</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Intensive care medicine</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Manikins</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Probability</topic><topic>Reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP)</topic><topic>Reanimação cardio-pulmonar</topic><topic>Reference Values</topic><topic>Sensitivity and Specificity</topic><topic>Soporte vital básico</topic><topic>Statistics, Nonparametric</topic><topic>Suporte básico de vida</topic><topic>Therapy, Computer-Assisted</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Handley, Anthony J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Handley, Simon A.J.</creatorcontrib><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Resuscitation</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Handley, Anthony J.</au><au>Handley, Simon A.J.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Improving CPR performance using an audible feedback system suitable for incorporation into an automated external defibrillator</atitle><jtitle>Resuscitation</jtitle><addtitle>Resuscitation</addtitle><date>2003-04-01</date><risdate>2003</risdate><volume>57</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>57</spage><epage>62</epage><pages>57-62</pages><issn>0300-9572</issn><eissn>1873-1570</eissn><coden>RSUSBS</coden><abstract><![CDATA[Background: It has been shown that a computer-based audible feedback system can improve acquisition and retention of basic life support (BLS) skills. This system is being developed to work in association with an automated external defibrillator (AED).
Aim: To determine if such a feedback system is likely to improve the quality of CPR performed by trained nurses whilst using an AED.
Method: Thirty-six general nurses performed 3 min of BLS on a manikin connected to a laptop computer running an experimental software program. After initial testing they were randomly allocated to control or ‘feedback’ groups. Both groups then performed a further 3 min of BLS, but those in the feedback group received audible corrective instructions from the computer when errors of technique were detected.
Results: The group receiving feedback were significantly better than the control group at performing inflations (
P=0.004) and achieving the correct depth of chest compression (
P<0.0005).
Conclusions: The results suggest that if the feedback system were to be incorporated into an AED, it could lead to better performance of CPR during a resuscitation attempt.
Contexto: Há evidência de que a utilização de um sistema de feedback sonoro baseado num computador pode melhorar a aquisição e retenção de conhecimentos/ competências práticas em Suporte Básico de Vida (SBV). Este sistema está a ser desenvolvido para ser incorporado num Desfibrilhador Automático Externo (DAE).
Objectivo: Determinar se um sistema de feedback com este formato é capaz de melhorar a qualidade de RCP realizada por enfermeiros treinados quando utilizam um DAE.
Método: Trinta e seis enfermeiros gerais realizaram 3 minutos de SBV num manequim ligado a um computador que utilizava um programa com software experimental. Após o teste inicial eles foram distribuı́dos de forma randomizada por grupos de controlo ou feedback. Ambos os grupos realizaram depois mais 3 minutos de SBV, mas aqueles que pertenciam ao grupo ‘feedback’ receberam instruções audı́veis correctoras por parte do computador quando foram detectados erros técnicos.
Resultados: O grupo que recebeu feedback foi significativamente melhor do que o grupo controlo na realização das insuflações (
P=0.0004) e na obtenção da profundidade adequada das compressões torácicas (
P<0.0005).
Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que se for utilizado um sistema de feedback incorporado num DAE, este pode levar a um melhor desempenho de RCP durante a tentativa de reanimação.
Antecedentes: Se ha demostrado que un sistema con retroalimentación audible computarizado mejora la adquisición y retención de destrezas de reanimación cardiopulmonar básica (BLS). Este sistema está siendo desarrollado para trabajar asociado con un desfibrilador automático externo (AED).
Objetivo: determinar si este sistema con retroalimentación puede mejorar la calidad de reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) realizada por enfermeras entrenadas durante la utilización de un AED.
Métodos: treinta y seis enfermeras generales realizaron tres minutos de RCP en un maniquı́ conectado a un computador que utilizaba un programa de software experimental de RCP. Después de una evaluación inicial se ubicaron en grupos control o retroalimentación en forma randomizada. Entonces ambos grupos realizaron otros 3 minutos de RCP, pero el grupo ‘retroalimentación’ recibió instrucciones de correción audibles cada vez que se detectaba un error en la técnica.
Resultados: El grupo retroalimentación fue significativamente mejor que el grupo control en las insuflaciones (
P=0.004) y en alcanzar la profundidad de compresión torácica adecuada (
P<0.0005).
Conclusiones: el resultado sugiere que si se agregara el sistema de retroalimentación al AED, ello llevarı́a a un mejor desempeño de la RCP en el intento de resucitación.]]></abstract><cop>Shannon</cop><pub>Elsevier Ireland Ltd</pub><pmid>12668300</pmid><doi>10.1016/S0300-9572(02)00400-8</doi><tpages>6</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0300-9572 |
| ispartof | Resuscitation, 2003-04, Vol.57 (1), p.57-62 |
| issn | 0300-9572 1873-1570 |
| language | eng |
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| source | ScienceDirect Freedom Collection |
| subjects | Adult Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy Automated external defibrillator Automation Basic life support Biological and medical sciences Cardiopulmonary resuscitation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - education Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - instrumentation Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation - methods Defibrillation Desfibrilación Desfibrilador automático externo Desfibrilhador automático externo Desfibrilhação Educación Education Education, Nursing, Continuing Educação Electric Countershock - instrumentation Electric Countershock - methods Emergency and intensive cardiocirculatory care. Cardiogenic shock. Coronary intensive care Feedback Female Humans Intensive care medicine Male Manikins Medical sciences Middle Aged Probability Reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) Reanimação cardio-pulmonar Reference Values Sensitivity and Specificity Soporte vital básico Statistics, Nonparametric Suporte básico de vida Therapy, Computer-Assisted |
| title | Improving CPR performance using an audible feedback system suitable for incorporation into an automated external defibrillator |
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