Phenomenology of abnormal movements in stuttering

Abstract Background Stuttering is often accompanied by involuntary movements, abnormal gestures or changes in facial expression. Objective To describe the incidence and phenomenology of abnormal movements (AMs) in stuttering patients. Materials and methods Eighty-five consecutive patients with stutt...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Parkinsonism & related disorders 2008-01, Vol.14 (5), p.415-419
Main Authors: Riva-Posse, Patricio, Busto-Marolt, Laura, Schteinschnaider, Ángeles, Martinez-Echenique, Lucia, Cammarota, Ángel, Merello, Marcelo
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adult
Analysis of Variance
Basal ganglia
Child
Dyskinesias - complications
Dyskinesias - epidemiology
Dyskinesias - therapy
Female
Humans
Incidence
Involuntary movements
Male
Neurology
Severity of Illness Index
Single-Blind Method
Speech Production Measurement
Speech Therapy - methods
Stammering
Stuttering
Stuttering - complications
Stuttering - epidemiology
Stuttering - therapy
Tics
Videotape Recording
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Summary:Abstract Background Stuttering is often accompanied by involuntary movements, abnormal gestures or changes in facial expression. Objective To describe the incidence and phenomenology of abnormal movements (AMs) in stuttering patients. Materials and methods Eighty-five consecutive patients with stuttering and 119 normal controls videotaped and subsequently reviewed, in which AMs were classified as voluntary or involuntary, and as concurrent or unrelated to speech. Movement phenomenology was correlated with disease severity. Results Of 85 stuttering patients studied, 51.7% had AMs and 22 more than one AM. Sixty-six different AMs were identified, of which 83.3% occurred during speech, 72.7% were classified as involuntary, and 27.2% as voluntary. Of 38 involuntary movements concurrent to speech, 25 were originally perceived as voluntary, but had since become involuntary through repeated use during stuttering. All involuntary movements not concurrent to speech fulfilled criteria for tics. Conclusion AMs occurring during stuttering were not always involuntary; movements not concurrent with speech clearly fulfilled clinical criteria for tics and were similar in incidence to normal controls. Inverse correlation was found between conscious control of movement during speech and stuttering severity. Many involuntary movements occurring during speech were clearly referred by patients as initially voluntary early on in the development of their speech disorder (starters or unblockers), underlining the importance of repetitive use of complex motor sequences as a source for putative involuntary movement genesis.
ISSN:1353-8020
1873-5126
DOI:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2007.11.006