Naturally Occurring Estrogens in Processed Milk and in Raw Milk (from Gestated Cows)

The occurrence of the steroid hormones estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2), 17β-estradiol (βE2), and estriol (E3) in processed bovine milk with different fat contents and in raw milk from (non)gestated cows was investigated. Following liquid extraction, optional enzymatical deconjugation, C18 solid-ph...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 2006-12, Vol.54 (26), p.9785-9791
Main Authors: Malekinejad, Hassan, Scherpenisse, Peter, Bergwerff, Aldert A
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
17alpha-estradiol
17beta-estradiol
Animals
Biological and medical sciences
Cattle
Chromatography, Liquid
dairy cows
endocrine-disrupting chemicals
estradiol
Estradiol - analysis
estriol
Estriol - analysis
Estrogens - analysis
estrone
extraction
Female
Food industries
food safety
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
General aspects
Gestational Age
Hygiene and safety
Lactation
liquid chromatography
Mass Spectrometry
milk
Milk - chemistry
Milk and cheese industries. Ice creams
Pregnancy
raw milk
solid phase extraction
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Summary:The occurrence of the steroid hormones estrone (E1), 17α-estradiol (αE2), 17β-estradiol (βE2), and estriol (E3) in processed bovine milk with different fat contents and in raw milk from (non)gestated cows was investigated. Following liquid extraction, optional enzymatical deconjugation, C18 solid-phase extraction, and derivatization, estrogens were analyzed using liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Free and deconjugated E1 (6.2−1266 ng/L) was the major estrogen followed by αE2 (7.2−322 ng/L) and βE2 (5.6−51 ng/L), whereas E3 was detected regularly at the detection limit of 10 ng/L. The lowest and highest concentrations were determined in raw milk from nonpregnant and from cows in the third trimester of gestation, respectively. The estrogen concentration in processed milk coincides with that of raw milk between first and second trimesters, reflecting the contribution of lactating pregnant cows to the final consumable product. The daily intake of total investigated estrogens through milk is 372 ng, which is dramatically more than currently recognized. Keywords: Endocrine disruptors; food safety; steroid hormones; estrogenic activity in food; veterinary public health
ISSN:0021-8561
1520-5118
DOI:10.1021/jf061972e