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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Links Dyslipidemia to Inhibition of Proteasome Activity and Glucose Transport by HIV Protease Inhibitors
The lipid and metabolic disturbances associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor therapy in AIDS have stimulated interest in developing new agents that minimize these side effects in the clinic. The underlying explanation of mechanism remains enigmatic, but a recently descr...
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Published in: | Molecular pharmacology 2005-06, Vol.67 (6), p.1909-1919 |
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Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , |
Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Subjects: | |
Citations: | Items that this one cites Items that cite this one |
Online Access: | Get full text |
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Summary: | The lipid and metabolic disturbances associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitor therapy in AIDS
have stimulated interest in developing new agents that minimize these side effects in the clinic. The underlying explanation
of mechanism remains enigmatic, but a recently described link between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysregulation
of lipid metabolism suggests a provocative integration of existing and emerging data. We provide new evidence from in vitro
models indicating that proteasome inhibition and differential glucose transport blockade by protease inhibitors are proximal
events eliciting an ER stress transcriptional response that can regulate lipogenic pathways in hepatocytes or adipocytes.
Proteasome activity was inhibited in vitro by several protease inhibitors at clinically relevant (micromolar) levels. In the
intact cells, protease inhibitors rapidly elicited a pattern of gene expression diagnostic of intracellular proteasome inhibition
and activation of an ER stress response. This included induction of transcription factors GADD153, ATF4, and ATF3; amino acid
metabolic enzymes; proteasome components; and certain ER chaperones. In hepatocyte lines, the ER stress response was closely
linked to moderate increases in lipogenic and cholesterogenic gene expression. However, in adipocytes where GLUT4 was directly
inhibited by some protease inhibitors, time-dependent suppression of lipogenic genes and triglyceride synthesis was observed
in coordination with the ER stress response. These results further link ER stress to dyslipidemia and contribute to a unifying
mechanism for the pathophysiology of protease inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, helping explain differences in clinical
metabolic profiles among protease inhibitors. |
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ISSN: | 0026-895X 1521-0111 |
DOI: | 10.1124/mol.104.010165 |