Chloride ions in health and disease

Chloride is a key anion involved in cellular physiology by regulating its homeostasis and rheostatic processes. Changes in cellular Cl- concentration result in differential regulation of cellular functions such as transcription and translation, post-translation modifications, cell cycle and prolifer...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Bioscience reports 2024-05, Vol.44 (5), p.1
Main Authors: Raut, Satish K, Singh, Kulwinder, Sanghvi, Shridhar, Loyo-Celis, Veronica, Varghese, Liyah, Singh, Ekam R, Gururaja Rao, Shubha, Singh, Harpreet
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Animals
Anions
Calcium ions
Cations
Cell cycle
Cell size
Chloride Channels - genetics
Chloride Channels - metabolism
Chloride ions
Chlorides - metabolism
Compartments
Endoplasmic reticulum
Endosomes
Extracellular Fluid - metabolism
Homeostasis
Humans
Ion channels
Ion Transport
Lysosomes
Phagosomes
Physiology
Post-translation
Signal Transduction
Translation
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Summary:Chloride is a key anion involved in cellular physiology by regulating its homeostasis and rheostatic processes. Changes in cellular Cl- concentration result in differential regulation of cellular functions such as transcription and translation, post-translation modifications, cell cycle and proliferation, cell volume, and pH levels. In intracellular compartments, Cl- modulates the function of lysosomes, mitochondria, endosomes, phagosomes, the nucleus, and the endoplasmic reticulum. In extracellular fluid (ECF), Cl- is present in blood/plasma and interstitial fluid compartments. A reduction in Cl- levels in ECF can result in cell volume contraction. Cl- is the key physiological anion and is a principal compensatory ion for the movement of the major cations such as Na+, K+, and Ca2+. Over the past 25 years, we have increased our understanding of cellular signaling mediated by Cl-, which has helped in understanding the molecular and metabolic changes observed in pathologies with altered Cl- levels. Here, we review the concentration of Cl- in various organs and cellular compartments, ion channels responsible for its transportation, and recent information on its physiological roles.
ISSN:0144-8463
1573-4935
DOI:10.1042/BSR20240029