Ecotoxicological evaluation of the additive butylated hydroxyanisole using a battery with six model systems and eighteen endpoints

The occurrence and fate of additives in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue in environmental chemistry. This paper describes the ecotoxicological effects of the commonly used additive butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) using a test battery, comprising of several different organisms and in vitro...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Aquatic toxicology 2005-01, Vol.71 (2), p.183-192
Main Authors: Jos, Angeles, Repetto, Guillermo, Ríos, Juan Carlos, Peso, Ana del, Salguero, Manuel, Hazen, María José, Molero, María Luisa, Fernández-Freire, Paloma, Pérez-Martín, Jose Manuel, Labrador, Verónica, Cameán, Ana
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Additives
Aliivibrio fischeri - drug effects
Allium cepa
Alternatives
Analysis of Variance
Animal, plant and microbial ecology
Animals
Apoptosis - drug effects
Applied ecology
BHA
Biological and medical sciences
Butylated Hydroxyanisole - toxicity
Cell Line
Cercopithecus aethiops - metabolism
Chlorella - drug effects
Chlorella - growth & development
Cladocera
Cytotoxicity
Daphnia - drug effects
Ecotoxicology
Ecotoxicology, biological effects of pollution
Endpoint Determination
Environment
Environmental Monitoring - methods
Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology
General aspects
Gonads - cytology
Gonads - drug effects
Gonads - metabolism
Histological Techniques
In Situ Nick-End Labeling
Luminescent Measurements
Oncorhynchus mykiss - metabolism
Onions - drug effects
Onions - growth & development
Salmonidae
Toxicity Tests
Vero Cells
Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity
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Summary:The occurrence and fate of additives in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue in environmental chemistry. This paper describes the ecotoxicological effects of the commonly used additive butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) using a test battery, comprising of several different organisms and in vitro test systems, representing a proportion of the different trophic levels. The most sensitive system to BHA was the inhibition of bioluminescence in Vibrio fischeri bacteria, which resulted in an acute low observed adverse effect concentration (LOAEC) of 0.28 μM. The next most sensitive system was the immobilization of the cladoceran Daphnia magna followed by: the inhibition of the growth of the unicellular alga Chlorella vulgaris; the endpoints evaluated in Vero (mammalian) cells (total protein content, LDH activity, neutral red uptake and MTT metabolization), mitotic index and root growth inhibition in the terrestrial plant Allium cepa, and finally, the endpoints used on the RTG-2 salmonid fish cell line (neutral red uptake, total protein content, MTS metabolization, lactate dehydrogenase leakage and activity, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity). Morphological alterations in RTG-2 cells were also assessed and these included loss of cells, induction of cellular pleomorphism, hydropic degeneration and induction of apoptosis at high concentrations. The results from this study also indicated that micronuclei were not induced in A. cepa exposed to BHA. The differences in sensitivity for the diverse systems that were used (EC 50 ranged from 1.2 to >500 μM) suggest the importance for a test battery approach in the evaluation of the ecological consequences of chemicals. According to the results, the levels of BHA reported in industrial wastewater would elicite adverse effects in the environment. This, coupled with its potential to bioaccumulate, makes BHA a pollutant of concern not only for acute exposures, but also for the long-term.
ISSN:0166-445X
1879-1514
DOI:10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.11.004