Mutation detection in saliva from oral cancer patients

•Frequently mutated genes in OSCC: TP53 (64%), FAT1 (27%), CDKN2A, CASP8 and DNAH7.•Tumor somatic mutations of OSCC can be detected in saliva DNA at high sensitivity.•The mutation detection is independent of primary site of the tumor or tumor stage. The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carci...

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Published in:Oral oncology 2024-04, Vol.151, p.106717, Article 106717
Main Authors: Ahmed, Ahmed A., Sborchia, Mateja, Bye, Hannah, Roman-Escorza, Maria, Amar, Ariella, Henley-Smith, Rhonda, Odell, Edward, McGurk, Mark, Simpson, Michael, Ng, Tony, Sawyer, Elinor J., Mathew, Christopher G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - diagnosis
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell - genetics
Cell-free DNA
Circulating tumor DNA
Early detection
Head and Neck Neoplasms
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma HNSCC
Humans
Mouth Neoplasms - diagnosis
Mouth Neoplasms - genetics
Mouth Neoplasms - pathology
Mutation
Neoplasm Recurrence, Local
Oral squamous cell carcinoma OSCC
Saliva
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck
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Summary:•Frequently mutated genes in OSCC: TP53 (64%), FAT1 (27%), CDKN2A, CASP8 and DNAH7.•Tumor somatic mutations of OSCC can be detected in saliva DNA at high sensitivity.•The mutation detection is independent of primary site of the tumor or tumor stage. The incidence of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) continues to increase and although advances have been made in treatment, it still has a poor overall survival with local relapse being common. Conventional imaging methods are not efficient at detecting recurrence at an early stage when still potentially curable. The aim of this study was to test the feasibility of using saliva to detect the presence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and to provide additional evidence for the potential of this approach. Fresh tumor, whole blood and saliva were collected from patients with OSCC before treatment. Whole exome sequencing (WES) or gene panel sequencing of tumor DNA was performed to identify somatic mutations in tumors and to select genes for performing gene panel sequencing on saliva samples. The most commonly mutated genes identified in primary tumors by DNA sequencing were TP53 and FAT1. Gene panel sequencing of paired saliva samples detected tumor derived mutations in 9 of 11 (82%) patients. The mean variant allele frequency for the mutations detected in saliva was 0.025 (range 0.004 – 0.061). Somatic tumor mutations can be detected in saliva with high frequency in OSCC irrespective of site or stage of disease using a limited panel of genes. This work provides additional evidence for the suitability of using saliva as liquid biopsy in OSCC and has the potential to improve early detection of recurrence in OSCC. Trials are currently underway comparing this approach to standard imaging techniques.
ISSN:1368-8375
1879-0593
1879-0593
DOI:10.1016/j.oraloncology.2024.106717