Concentration, spatial distribution, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, and lead in drinking water in rural areas of eight cities of West Azarbaijan province, Iran

Exposure to heavy metals through drinking water can cause significant adverse health effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration, spatial distribution, and assessment of non-carcinogenic risk attributed to exposure to arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Environmental science and pollution research international 2024-03, Vol.31 (13), p.20222-20233
Main Authors: Alipour, Elnaz, Aghapour, Ali Ahmad, Bahrami Asl, Farshad
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adolescent
Adolescents
Adult
Aquatic Pollution
Arsenic
Arsenic - analysis
Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution
Cadmium
Carcinogens
Child
Chromium
Cities
Drinking behavior
Drinking water
Drinking Water - analysis
Earth and Environmental Science
Ecotoxicology
Environment
Environmental Chemistry
Environmental Health
Environmental Monitoring
Exposure
Health risks
Heavy metals
Humans
Infant
Ingestion
Iran
Lead
Mathematical analysis
Metal concentrations
Metals, Heavy - analysis
Research Article
Risk assessment
Risk Assessment - methods
Rural areas
Spatial distribution
Waste Water Technology
Water analysis
Water Management
Water Pollution Control
Water sampling
Water wells
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Summary:Exposure to heavy metals through drinking water can cause significant adverse health effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration, spatial distribution, and assessment of non-carcinogenic risk attributed to exposure to arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) in rural areas of eight cities of the West Azerbaijan province of Iran. Eighty-five water samples were taken from randomly selected drinking water wells in the rural areas, and the concentration of the heavy metals was measured by using standard methods. The concentration distribution maps were drawn, and the non-carcinogenic health risks for ingestion and dermal exposure pathways were calculated in four age groups (including infants, children, teenagers, and adults). According to the obtained results, arsenic is considered as the most worrying pollutant among the investigated heavy metals. The maximum measured concentration for arsenic was 371.9 μg/L, which is 37 times the maximum permissible limit. The results of the health risk assessment illustrate that exposure to heavy metals via dermal contact do not pose significant non-carcinogenic risks. However, the calculated non-carcinogenic risks for oral exposure to arsenic were very high and concerning. The highest hazard quotient for oral exposure to arsenic was related to rural of city G (82.64). It is recommended to take the necessary measures as soon as possible regarding the supply of safe drinking water in the studied areas.
ISSN:1614-7499
0944-1344
1614-7499
DOI:10.1007/s11356-024-32433-8