Photodynamic inactivation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by using Giemsa dye as a photosensitizer

•Giemsa dye was investigated as photoantimicrobial agent.•Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) action of Giemsa against MRSA strain was evaluated.•MRSA was photoinactivated by Giemsa under red-light irradiation.•Type I and type II photodynamic mechanisms played crucial role in the PDI process. The rise o...

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Published in:Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy 2024-02, Vol.45, p.103952-103952, Article 103952
Main Authors: Caires, Cynthia S.A., Lima, Alessandra R., Lima, Thalita H.N., Silva, Cicera M., Araujo, Leandro O., Aguilera, Laís F., Nascimento, Valter A., Caires, Anderson R.L., Oliveira, Samuel L.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anti-Infective Agents - therapeutic use
Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation
Azure Stains - pharmacology
Azure Stains - therapeutic use
Giemsa
Humans
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Multidrug-resistant bacteria
Photochemotherapy - methods
Photodynamic Therapy
Photosensitizing Agents - pharmacology
Photosensitizing Agents - therapeutic use
Staphylococcal Infections - drug therapy
Staphylococcus aureus
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Summary:•Giemsa dye was investigated as photoantimicrobial agent.•Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) action of Giemsa against MRSA strain was evaluated.•MRSA was photoinactivated by Giemsa under red-light irradiation.•Type I and type II photodynamic mechanisms played crucial role in the PDI process. The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria calls for innovative approaches to combat multidrug-resistant strains. Here, the potential of the standard histological stain, Giemsa, to act as a photosensitizer (PS) for antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains is reported. Bioassays were performed using various Giemsa concentrations (ranging from 0.0 to 20.0 µM) under 625 nm illumination at a light dose of 30 J cm−2. Remarkably, Giemsa completely inhibited the growth of MSSA and MRSA bacterial colonies for concentrations at 10 µM and higher but exhibited no inhibitory effect without light exposure. Partition coefficient analysis revealed Giemsa's affinity for membranes. Furthermore, we quantified the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and singlet oxygen (1O2) to elucidate the aPDI mechanisms underlying bacterial inactivation mediated by Giemsa. These findings highlight Giemsa stain's potential as a PS in aPDI for targeting multidrug-resistant bacteria. [Display omitted]
ISSN:1572-1000
1873-1597
DOI:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103952