Strategies and Interventions Used to Prevent Violence Against Sex Workers in the United States: A Scoping Review Using the Social-Ecological Model

Structural factors in the United States, such as criminalization, contribute to disproportionate rates of violence against sex workers and subsequent risk of adverse health outcomes. There is a clear need for systemic interventions and risk reduction strategies to reduce violence in this population....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse Violence, & Abuse, 2024-07, Vol.25 (3), p.2436-2451
Main Authors: Carr, Cary, King, Lindsey M, Maizel, Jennifer, Scaglione, Nichole M, Stetten, Nichole E, Varnes, Julia R, Tomko, Catherine
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Aggression
Criminalization
Ecological models
Intervention
Population growth
Prevention
Prostitution
Reviews
Risk
Risk management
Risk reduction
Sex crimes
Sex industry
Sex workers
Sexual assault
Strategies
Violence
Workers
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Summary:Structural factors in the United States, such as criminalization, contribute to disproportionate rates of violence against sex workers and subsequent risk of adverse health outcomes. There is a clear need for systemic interventions and risk reduction strategies to reduce violence in this population. To inform next steps in prevention, this scoping review provides an overview of the literature on violence prevention efforts targeting sex workers in the United States, mapped out according to the social-ecological model (SEM). A comprehensive search of peer-reviewed literature across five databases with no limit on publication date yielded 2,372 documents. Studies were eligible for inclusion if they focused on the U.S. population of sex workers and had a clearly defined aim or purpose of exploring, describing, or evaluating sex work violence prevention interventions or risk reduction strategies. Twelve studies met all eligibility criteria and were selected. Only two of the studies evaluated sexual violence prevention interventions, while the remaining 10 explored strategies sex workers use to minimize the risk of violence. Most research focused on female sex workers, violence from paying clients, and prevention at the individual level of the SEM. Our findings suggest a need for additional violence prevention interventions tailored for diverse groups of sex workers and cognizant of the overlapping forms of violence they face. This scoping review contributes to the limited body of research on the prevention of violence against sex workers in the United States by providing future directions for research and program development that span across the SEM.
ISSN:1524-8380
1552-8324
DOI:10.1177/15248380231214786