L‐Theanine alleviates heat stress through modulation of gut microbiota and immunity

BACKGROUND Heat stress (HS) damages the intestines, disrupting gut microbiota and immune balance. l‐Theanine (LTA), found in tea, alleviates oxidative stress and cell apoptosis under HS; however, its effects on gut microbiota and immunity under HS remain unclear. To investigate this, we administered...

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Published in:Journal of the science of food and agriculture 2024-03, Vol.104 (4), p.2059-2072
Main Authors: Liu, Sha, Wang, Bin, Lin, Ling, Xu, Wei, Gong, Zhi‐Hua, Xiao, Wen‐Jun
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amino acids
Animals
Antigen presentation
anti‐heat stress
Apoptosis
Body weight
Cell differentiation
Differentiation (biology)
Digestive system
Digestive tract
Epithelium
Food
Food intake
Gastrointestinal Microbiome
Glutamates
gut microbiota
Heat shock proteins
Heat stress
Heat tolerance
Heat-Shock Response
Hsp70 protein
Immune system
Immunity
Inflammation
Intestinal microflora
Intestine
Lipids
l‐theanine
Macrophages
MAP kinase
Metabolites
Mice
Mice, Inbred C57BL
Microbiota
Microorganisms
Oxidative stress
Signal transduction
Temperature effects
Theanine
Toll-like receptors
Water intake
Water intakes
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Summary:BACKGROUND Heat stress (HS) damages the intestines, disrupting gut microbiota and immune balance. l‐Theanine (LTA), found in tea, alleviates oxidative stress and cell apoptosis under HS; however, its effects on gut microbiota and immunity under HS remain unclear. To investigate this, we administered LTA doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg·kg−1·d−1 to C57BL/6J mice. On day 44, the model group and LTA intervention group were subjected to continuous 7‐day HS treatment for 2 h per day. RESULTS The results demonstrated that LTA intervention improved food intake, body weight, and intestinal epithelium, and reduced the water intake of heat‐stressed mice. It increased the abundance of Turicibacter, Faecalibaculum, Bifidobacterium, and norank_f_Muribaculaceae, while reducing that of Lachnoclostridium and Desulfovibrio. LTA intervention also increased the concentrations of amino acid and lipid metabolites, regulated macrophage differentiation stimulated by gut microbiota and metabolites, reduced the antigen presentation by macrophages to the specific immune system, promoted B‐cell differentiation and sIgA secretion, inhibited pro‐inflammatory factors, and enhanced intestinal defense. Mechanistically, LTA downregulated heat shock protein 70 expression and the TLR4/NF‐κB/p38 MAPK signaling pathway, restoring gut microbiota and immune balance. CONCLUSION We suggest that LTA can alleviate HS by modulating gut microbiota, metabolites, and immunity, indicating its potential as a natural active ingredient for anti‐HS food products. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
ISSN:0022-5142
1097-0010
DOI:10.1002/jsfa.13095