Controlling the work function of indium tin oxide: differentiating dipolar from local surface effects

Indium tin oxide (ITO) reacts with tetra( tert-butoxy)tin to give surface bound alkoxytin species. Ligand exchange occurs in these surface bound species by reaction with substituted phenols. The speciation of surface phenoxides was measured in ultrahigh vacuum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Synthetic metals 2003-06, Vol.138 (1), p.223-227
Main Authors: Schwartz, Jeffrey, Bruner, Eric L., Koch, Norbert, Span, Amelia R., Bernasek, Steven L., Kahn, Antoine
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Condensed matter: electronic structure, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties
Electronic structure and electrical properties of surfaces, interfaces, thin films and low-dimensional structures
Exact sciences and technology
ITO
Physics
Surface dipole
Surface double layers, schottky barriers, and work functions
Surface modification
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Summary:Indium tin oxide (ITO) reacts with tetra( tert-butoxy)tin to give surface bound alkoxytin species. Ligand exchange occurs in these surface bound species by reaction with substituted phenols. The speciation of surface phenoxides was measured in ultrahigh vacuum by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, as was the work function for the surface modified ITO. It is shown that the molecular dipole moment of the phenol correlates strongly with the measured ITO work function change; no such correlation exists between the acidity of the phenol and this measured change in work function. Results are consistent therefore with an electrostatic model and not with one involving electronegativities of the ligated phenoxide oxygens.
ISSN:0379-6779
1879-3290
DOI:10.1016/S0379-6779(02)01290-0