Comprehensive assessment of water quality and associated health risks in an arid region in south Iran

This study aims at investigating the quality of drinking water and evaluating the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride and nitrate ions in drinking water, and fluoride in tea in Zarrin Dasht, Iran. We focus on tea since it is the most popular drink among Iranian people and in the study region. We colle...

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Published in:Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology 2022-11, Vol.135, p.105264-105264, Article 105264
Main Authors: Mohammadpour, Amin, Zarei, Amin Allah, Dehbandi, Reza, Khaksefidi, Razyeh, Shahsavani, Ebrahim, Rahimi, Sajad, Elshall, Ahmed S., Azhdarpoor, Abooalfazl
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Fluoride
Monte Carlo simulation
Multivariate analysis
Non-carcinogenic risk
Tea
Water quality
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Summary:This study aims at investigating the quality of drinking water and evaluating the non-carcinogenic risk of fluoride and nitrate ions in drinking water, and fluoride in tea in Zarrin Dasht, Iran. We focus on tea since it is the most popular drink among Iranian people and in the study region. We collected and analyzed 23 drinking water samples and 23 tea samples from different locations in the study region. Based on the water quality index, the consumed drinking water does not have a good quality in most Zarrin Dasht areas. Accordingly, the water quality index (WQI) is poor and very poor in 70% and 13% of the water samples, respectively. The average fluoride concentration of the tea samples is 2.71 mg/L. The mean values of Fluoride Hazard Index (HIfluoride) are 3.77, 2.77, and 2.33 for children, teenagers, and adults, respectively, which are higher than the safe limit of 1. The Nitrate Hazard Index (HInitrate) is higher than the safe limit of 1 in 8.7% of the samples. The results of the Monte Carlo simulation demonstrate that HIfluoride and HInitrate are higher than 1 in all the groups, except for adults. According to the results of the sensitivity analysis, ingestion rate and body weight have a large effect on HIfluoride and HInitrate, but body weight is inversely associated with sensitivity. According to the Piper diagram, saline water is the predominant type in Zarrin Dasht. Besides, the results of the principal component analysis (PCA) show a high correlation between fluoride and pH, which could be related to the effect of pH on fluoride dissolution and ion exchange. Therefore, appropriate measures are recommended to be taken in order to reduce the amount of fluoride in the drinking water resources of this region. Reduction of tea consumption can also be considered an important factor in decreasing the amount of fluoride intake. •WQI and multivariate methods are used to reveal drinking water quality issues.•Risk assessment of fluoride & nitrate in water and tea consumed are determined.•WQI is weak and very weak in 70% and 13% of the water samples, respectively.•Piper diagram shows that saline water is the dominant type in the water.•HIfluoride is greater than 1 for children, teenagers, and adults.
ISSN:0273-2300
1096-0295
DOI:10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105264